
		      *** A Guide to Using CRUSH-2. *** 

			       Attila Kovacs 
		       <attila[AT]submm.caltech.edu>

		        Last updated: 24 April 2015



Table of Contents
=================

1. Getting Started

  1.1 Installation
  1.2 The Tools of the CRUSH Suite
  1.3 Quick Start
  1.4 A Brief Description of What CRUSH Does and How...
  1.5 Command-line Options and Scripting Support

2. Advanced Topics

  2.1 Filtering corrections, transfer functions, etc.
  2.2 Making Sense of the Console Output
  2.3 Pointing Corrections
  2.4 Recovery of Extended Emission
  2.5 Pixellization and Smoothing
  2.6 Image Processing Post-Reduction
  2.7 Reducing Very Large Datasets (to do...)
  2.8 Custom Logging Support

3. Advanced Configuration

  3.1 Commands
  3.2 Pipeline Configuration
  3.3 Source (Map) Configuration
  3.4 Scan Configuration
  3.5 Instrument Configuration

4. Correlated Signals 

  4.1 Modes and Modalities
  4.2 Removing Correlated Signals
  4.3 User-defined Modalities

6. Examples

7. Future Developments (A Wish List...)

  7.1 Support for Heterodyne Receivers and Interferometry
  7.2 Interactive Reductions
  7.3 Distributed and GPU Computing
  7.4 Graphical User-Interface (GUI)

8. Further information







#####################################################################
1. Getting Started
#####################################################################


CRUSH-2 is a reduction and imaging package for various astronomical imaging
arrays. It is based on the development centred on SHARC-2 (crush-1.xx) as
well as a reincarnation for the APEX bolometers (minicrush). Version 2
provides, for the first time, a unified platform for reducing data from
virtually any high-background bolometer instrument. Currently, it supports 
the following instruments (in alphabetical order):

   
    ASZCA	(2mm) APEX SZ Camera, from Berkeley, CA
    	      	bolo.berkeley.edu/apexsz/instrument.html

    GISMO	(2mm) Goddard-IRAM Superconducting 2-Millimeter Observer
    		www.iram.es/IRAMES/mainWiki/
					GoddardIramSuperconductingTwoMillimeter

    LABOCA	(870um) Large APEX Bolometer Camera
    		www.apex-telescope.org/bolometer/laboca		 

    MAKO	(350um) KID technology demonstration camera for the CSO.

    MAKO-2	(350um, 850um) Second-generation KID technology demonstration
		camera for the CSO with dual-pol pixel response, and dual-band 
		imaging capability.

    MUSTANG-2	(3mm) Large focal plane array for the 100m Greenbank Telescope.
		www.gb.nrao.edu/mustang/

    p-ArTeMiS	(200um, 350um, 450um) 3-color camera for APEX (prototype)
    		www.apex-telescope.org/instruments/pi/artemis

    PolKA	(polarimetry) Polarimeter for LABOCA
    		www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/staff/gsiringo/laboca/
							laboca_polarimeter.html

    SABOCA	(350um) Submillimeter APEX Bolometer Camera
    		www.apex-telescope.org/bolometer/saboca

    SCUBA-2	(450um, 850um) Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array 2
		www.roe.ac.uk/ukatc/projects/scubatwo

    SHARC	(350um, 450um) Submillimeter High-Angular Resolution Camera
		Caltech, Pasadena, CA
		http://www.submm.caltech.edu/cso/sharc/cso_sharc.html

    SHARC-2	(350um, 450um, 850um) The second-generation Submillimeter 
		High-Angular Resolution Camera
    		Caltech, Pasadena, CA
    		www.submm.caltech.edu:/~sharc

    SOFIA/HAWC+	(53um, 62um, 89um, 155um, 216um)
		High-resolution Airborne Wide-angle Camera


Further support for instruments is possible. If interested to use CRUSH for
your bolometer array, please contact Attila Kovacs 
<attila[AT]submm.caltech.edu>.

In principle, it is possible to extend CRUSH support for other types of scanning
instruments, like heterodyne receiver arrays, or single-pixel receivers that
scan in frequency space, or for the reduction of line-surveys from double
side-band (DSB) receivers. Such new features may appear in future releases, 
especially upon specific request and/or arrangement...



1.1 Installation
================

   Install Java (if not already installed)
   ---------------------------------------
   Download Java, e.g. from www.java.com. If you already have Java, check that 
   it is version 1.6.0 (a.k.a. Java 6) or later, by typing:

        > java -version

   Note, that The GNU java a.k.a. gij (default on some older RedHat and Fedora
   systems) is painfully slow and unreliable, and will not always run CRUSH
   correctly. If you need Java, you can download the latest JRE from
   wwww.java.com


   Download CRUSH
   --------------
   You can get the latest version of CRUSH from:

	http://www.submm.caltech.edu/~sharc/crush 

   Linux users can grab one of the distribution packages to install CRUSH via
   a package manager. Packages are provided for both RPM-based distributions 
   (like Fedora, Redhat, CentOS, or SUSE), and Debian-based distributions (e.g.
   Ubuntu, Mint). Both will install CRUSH in '/usr/share/crush'. Note, if you 
   use one of these packages you will need root privileges (e.g. via 'sudo') on
   the machine. Unprivileged users should install using the tarball.

   For all others, CRUSH is distributed as a gzipped tarball (or as a zip 
   archive). Simply unpack it in the directory, where you want the crush to 
   reside. 

  
   A. Installation from tarball (POSIX/UNIX, incl. Mac OS X)
   ---------------------------------------------------------
   Unpack the tarball in the desired location (e.g. under '~/astrotools/'):

        > cd ~/astrotools
        > tar xzf crush-2.xx-x.tar.gz

   Verify that CRUSH works:

        > cd crush
        > ./crush

   You should see a brief information screen on how to use CRUSH.



   B. Installation via Linux packages
   ----------------------------------
   Use the package manager on your system to install. E.g., on RPM-based 
   systems (Fedora, RHEL, CentOS, SUSE) you may type:

	> sudo yum localinstall --nogpg crush-<version>-noarch.rpm

   On Debian based systems (e.g. Ubuntu, Mint) the same is achieved by

	> sudo apt-get install crush-<version>.deb

   Or, you may simply double click the package icon from a file browser. 



   C. Windows Installation
   -----------------------
   Extract the ZIP archive into the desired location.

   To run CRUSH under Windows, copy/move the .bat files from under the 
   'windows' subdirectory into the main crush directory. Additionally, you may 
   want to add the crush installation directory to your path (in 
   'autoexec.bat') to run crush from outside of its own directory. In this case
   you should also set the CRUSH variable to point to the installation 
   directory (to do this add a line like:

	set CRUSH=<the-crush-directory>

   in your 'autoexec.bat'. 

   A note of caution: while Windows is generally case insensitive, this is not 
   necessarily the case for Java paths. Therefore, when setting paths, such as 
   'datapath', it is advised that drive letters appear capitalized, e.g. as 
   'C:\data', as well as anything else that might warrant it (e.g. 
   "My Documents").
 
 

   (optional) Java Configuration
   -----------------------------
   CRUSH ships with a default Java configuration. On the most common UNIX
   platforms (Linux, Mac OS X, BSD, and Solaris), it will automatically attempt 
   to set an optimal configuration. On other platforms, it comes with fail-safe 
   default values (default java, 32-bit mode and 1GB of RAM use). 

   To override the defaults on Windows, edit 'wrapper.bat' directly. 

   On all other platforms, you can override the defaults by placing your 
   settings in arbitrary files under /etc/crush2/startup or ~/.crush2/startup. 
   (Any settings in the user's home under ~/.crush2/startup will overrride the 
   system-wide values in /etc/crush2/startup. If multiple config files exist in
   the same location, these will be parsed in non-specific order). 

   E.g., placing the following lines in ~/.crush2/startup/java.conf overrides 
   all availablei runtime configuration settings:

	JAVA="/usr/java/latest/bin/java"
	DATAMODEL="64"
	USEMB="4000"
	JVM="-server"
	EXTRAOPTS=""

   Upon startup CRUSH will find and apply these settings, so it will use
   "/usr/java/latest/bin/java" as your to run CRUSH, in 64-bit mode, with
   4GB of RAM, using the HotSpot 'server' VM, with no extra Java options.

   (Note, these config files are parsed as bash scripts, so you may use other
   bash commands too, such as printing earlier settings via 'echo')

   Below is a guide to the variables that you can override to set your own
   Java runtime configuration:

	JAVA		Set to the location of the Java executable you want
			to use. E.g. "java" to use the default Java, or
			"/usr/java/latest/bin/java" to use the latest from
			Oracle or OpenJDK.

	DATAMODEL	Set to "32" or "64", to select 32 or 64-bit mode.
			To use 64-bit mode you will need both a 64-bit OS
			and a 64-bit JRE (Java Runtime Environment)
			installation.
   
	USEMB		Set to the maximum amount of RAM (in MB) available to 
			CRUSH. E.g. "4000" for 4GB. Note, that when DATAMODEL
			is "32", you this value must be somewhere below 2000.
			Thus, "1900" is a good maximum value to use in 32-bit
			mode.

	JVM		Usually set to "-server" for Oracle or OpenJDK. If 
			using IBM's Java, set it to "" (empty string). On ARM 
			platforms, you probably get better performance using
			"-jamvm" or "-avian". o see what VM options are 
			available, run 'java -help'. The VM options are listed 
			near the top of the resulting help screen. 

	EXTRAOPTS	Any other non-standard options you may want to pass
			to the Java VM should go here. 
	


   CRUSH Configuration
   -------------------
   The preferred way of creating user-specific configurations for CRUSH is to
   place your personalized configuration files inside a '.crush2/' 
   configuration directory within your home. This way, your personalized 
   configurations will survive future updates to CRUSH.

   You can create/edit your default configuration by editing 'default.cfg'
   (either in the installation folder or '~/.crush2', or in the appropriate
   instrument subdirectory within it. 
   As an example a user configuration for LABOCA data can be placed into 
   '~/.crush2/laboca/default.cfg', with the a content:
	
	datapath ~/data
	outpath ~/images
	project T-79.F-0002-2006

   This tells crush that when reducing LABOCA data it should look for raw data 
   files in '~/data', write all output to '~/images', and specifies the default
   project to be 'T-79.F-0002-2006' 
 
   The tilde character '~' is used as a shorthand for the home directory 
   (similarly to UNIX shell syntax). In your configuration you can also refer 
   to environment variables or other settings (see more about it further below).

   Of course, you can create any number of configurations, name them as you 
   like place them where you like (practical if you have many data locations, 
   projects etc.). You can easily invoke configuration files as needed via

	> crush [...] -config=<path-to-myconfig> [...]




1.2 The Tools of the CRUSH Suite
================================

CRUSH provides a collection of other useful tools. Here's a short description
of what is there and what they are used for. Each tool, when run without
options (or with the -help option) will provide you a list of available
options on the console.

  crush	        The principal reduction tool.

  imagetool	A tool for manipulating images. Can also deal with images
		produced by BoA (and to some degree other images also).

  show		A simple display program for the FITS files, with various
		useful functions for simple analysis and image manipulation
		After starting press 'h' for help.

  coadd		Add FITS images together. Use as a last resort tool as it is
		always better to reduced scans together.

  difference	Allows to look at the difference between two images.

  histogram	Write a histogram of the pixel distribution of an image plane.
  		(e.g. 'flux', 'rms', 's2n', 'weight', or 'time').

  detect	A source extraction tool for maps. You should make
		sure that the noise is close enuogh to Gaussian (e.g. with
		'histogram') before relying on this. 

  esorename	Rename ESO archive files to their original names.




1.3 Quick Start
===============

   To reduce data, simply specify the instrument (E.g. 'sharc2', 'laboca'...) 
   and the scan numbers (or names of the scan files or directories) to crush. 
   (You may have to add './' before 'crush' if the current directory '.' is 
   not in your path.) E.g.,

	> crush laboca 10059

   will reduce LABOCA scan 10059 with the default reduction parameters. You can
   specify additional options. Some of these apply to the reduction as a whole
   while others will affect the scan processing for those scan numbers that are
   listed *after* the option flag. 

   If you are new to CRUSH (or used version 1.xx before), you should be able
   to start working with it by the time you get to the end of this page.
   Nevertheless, I recommend that you read on through the entire Sections 
   1--2 (Getting Started & Basic Configuration), and you will become a  
   truly well-versed user. :-)

   Once you get the hang of it, and feel like you need more tweaking ability,
   feel free to read on yet further to see what other fine tuning capabilities
   exist...

   Here are some quick tips:

 	* Reduce as many scans together as you can. E.g.
		
	  > crush laboca 10657-10663 10781 11233-11235 [...]

 	* You can specify opacities, pointings, scaling etc, for each
	  of the set of scans listed (See section for Scan-specific options). 
	  E.g.,

	  > crush laboca -tau=0.32 10657-10663 10781 -tau=0.18 11233 [...]

	  will use a zenith tau value of 0.32 for 10657-10663 and 10781, and
	  0.18 for the last scan (11233).

	* If you suspect that you are missing extended emission (see section
	  on the Recovery of Extended Structures), then you can specify the
	  'extended' option, which will better preserve large scale structures
	  albeit at the price of more noise. E.g.

	  > crush laboca -extended 10657-10663

	* If your source is faint (meaning S/N < 10 in a single scan), then
	  you may try using the 'faint' option. E.g.

	  > crush laboca -faint 10657-10663

	  or,	  
	 
	  > crush laboca -faint -extended 10657-10663

	  to also try preserve extended structures (see above).

	* For finer control of how much large scale structures are retained
	  you can use the 'sourcesize' option, providing a typical source 
	  scale (in arcsecs) that you'd like to see preserved. Then CRUSH will
	  optimize its settings to do the best it can to get clean maps while 
	  keeping structures up to the specified scales more or less intact. 
	  E.g.

	  > crush [...] -sourcesize=45.0 10657-10663
  
	  Will optimize reduction for <~ 45 arcsec sources.

	* Finally, if your sources are not only faint, but also point-like, 
	  you should try the 'deep' option. This will use the most aggressive
	  filtering to yield the cleanest looking maps possible.
	  E.g.,

	  > crush laboca -deep 10657-10663


   With just these few tips you should be able to achieve a decent job in
   getting the results you seek. CRUSH can also help you reduce 
   pointing/calibration, skydip, and beammap scans. E.g.:

   	* To reduce a laboca pointing/calibration scan 11564:

	  > crush laboca -point 11564

	  At the end of the reduction CRUSH will suggest pointing corrections
	  and provide detailed information on the source (such as peak and
	  integrated fluxes, FWHM and elongation). Once you determine the
	  appropriate pointing corrections for your science scans, you
	  can apply these via the 'pointing=x,y' option. E.g.:

	  > crush laboca -pointing=3.2,-0.6 12069

	* You can also reduce skydips, for determining in-band atmospheric
	  opacities. E.g.:

	  > crush laboca -skydip 26648
	  
	* Finally, you can derive pixel position information from appropriate
	  scans, which are designed to ensure the source is moved over every
	  detector, in a fully sampled manner. To reduce such beam-maps:

	  > crush aszca -beammap 5707

	  CRUSH will write rcp files as output, containing pixel positions
	  source and sky gains in a standard 5 column APEX RCP format. 
	  You can feed the pixel position information to reduce other scans 
	  via the 'rcp' option.

   
   There are a lot more fine-tuning possibilities for the more adventurous. If 
   interested, you can find documentation further below, as well as in the 
   README files inside the instrument sub-directories. For a complete list of 
   crush options, please refer to the GLOSSARY.


   

1.4 A Brief Description of What CRUSH Does and How...
=====================================================

   CRUSH is a pipeline reduction that is principally meant to remove
   correlated signals (correlated noise) in the time-streams to arrive
   at clean & independent bolometer signals, which are then used to make
   a source model (usually an image).

   As such it is not an interactive reduction software (e.g. as opposed to 
   e.g. BoA). The term 'scripting' in CRUSH mainly means defining configuration 
   options (in the command line or through configuration files) which are 
   parsed in the order they are read.

   During the reduction CRUSH aims to arrive at a consistent set of
   solutions for various correlated signals, the corresponding gains and
   the pixel weights, as well as tries to identify and flag problematic data.

   This means a series of reduction steps, which are iterated a few times
   until the required self-consistent solutions are arrived at. 
   
   To learn more about the details please refer to Kovacs, A., "CRUSH: 
   fast and scalable data reduction for imaging arrays," Proc. SPIE 7020, 45, 
   (2008). If that does not satisfy your curiousity, then you can find yet
   more explanation in Kovacs, A., PhD thesis, Caltech (2006).



1.5 Command-line Options and Scripting Support
==============================================

   Basic Rules
   -----------
   Configuration of CRUSH is available either through command line 
   options or via scripting. You have seen scripting already in the form
   of 'default.cfg', which stores the default configuration values (Sec. 1.1). 

   Both command-line options and scripting are organized in key/value pairs. 
   The main difference is that the command-line (bash is assumed in UNIX
   platforms!) imposes restrictions on syntax. E.g., no white spaces, or 
   brackets are allowed (unless you place these in quotes). Thus, keys and 
   values may be separated either by '=', ':' or empty spaces (or even a 
   combination of these). 
 
   Command line options start with a dash '-' in front. Thus, what may look
   like:
	
	key1 value1
	key2 value2, value3

    in a configuration script, will end up as

	> crush [...] -key1=value1 -key2=value2,value3 [...] 

    on the command line. Otherwise, they two ways of configuring are generally 
    equivalent to one-another. One exception to this rule is reading scans,
    which is done via the 'read' key in a script, but on command line you can
    simply list the scan number (or ranges or lists or names). I.e., 

	[...]
	read 10056			# in script

	> crush [...] 10056		# on the command line.

    In the next section you'll find a description of the scripting keywords.
    Now that you know how to use them also as command line options, you
    can choose scripting or command-line, or mix-and-match them to your
    liking and convenience...
 
    Key/value pairs are parsed in the order they are specified. Thus, each
    specification may override previously defined values. 

    Lines that start with '#' designate comments that are ignored by the 
    parser.
   
 
    Unsetting and Resetting Options
    -------------------------------
    Additionally, there are a few special keys (or rather commands that have
    the same syntax as keys), that are used to unset/reset options. 
    The command 'forget' can be used to unset keys. Forgotten options can be 
    reinstated to their prior values via the 'recall' command. E.g.:

	forget tau,smooth

    Will unset the tau value and disable despiking. To later specify a new tau
    and to reenable despiking with its previous setting, you may (say on the
    command line this time):

	> crush [...] -tau=0.30 -recall=smooth

    As you can see, forgotten keys may be reconfigured at any time. There is
    also a way to permanently remove a configuration key via the 'blacklist'
    command. It works just like 'forget' except that all blacklisted keys will
    be ignored until these are 'whitelist'-ed. Note, that 'whitelist' only
    removes keys from the blacklist, but does NOT reinstate them -- this you 
    have to do explicitly afterwards either using 'recall' or by specifying a
    new value).

	blacklist smooth		
	smooth=8.0		# Has no effect, because smooth is blacklisted!
	[...]
	whitelist smooth	# Allows smooth to be set again...
	smooth=6.5		# Sets the smoothing to 6.5"
	
    All blacklisted settings can be cleared by:

	forget blacklist



    Branched Configuration
    ----------------------
    Options may also have branches, helping to group related keys together in a 
    hierarchy. Branches are separated by periods, e.g.

	despike
	despike.level 6.0
	despike.method absolute

    defines a despiking at 6-sigma, while the 'method' subkey selects the
    despiking method used. 

    It is possible to unset/reset entire branches with the commands 'remove' 
    and 'restore', much the same way as 'forget' and 'recall' operate on 
    individual settings. Thus, 

	> crush [...] -remove=despike [...]

    unsets both 'despike', 'despike.level' and 'despike.method' and all other 
    existing branches of 'despike'. Similarly, 'restore' reinstates the full 
    brach to its original state. 



    Conditionals
    ------------
    CRUSH also provides the capability for conditional configuration.
    Conditions are formally housed in square brackets. The syntax is:

	[condition] key=value

    The basic condition is the existence of an option key. For example,

	[extended] forget correlated.gradients	

    will disable the decorrelation of gradient sky-noise if or when the 
    'extended' key is defined, e.g. by
	
	> crush [...] -extended [...]

    Note, that if 'extended' is later unset (e.g. via 'forget', 'remove' or 
    'blacklist') from the configuration it will not undo settings that were
    conditionally activated when 'extended' was defined.

    You can also make settings activate conditioned on another key having been
    set to a given value. The syntax for that is:

  	[key1?value1] key2=value2

    The above statement specifies that if key1 is set to value1, then key2 
    will be set to value2. (Again, the '=' is optional...) 

    Other conditions are interpreted by CRUSH, such settings based on 
    date (or MJD) or serial number, such as:

	mjd.[54555-54869] rcp {$CRUSH}/laboca/laboca-3.rcp

    which loads the pixel positions (RCP) 'laboca-3.rcp' inside the 'laboca'
    subfolder in the crush installation for scans taken in the MJD range
    54555 to 54869. Similarly,

	date.[2007.02.28-2009.10.13] instrument.gain -1250.0
    
    or

	serial.[14203-15652] flag 112-154,173

    are examples of setting activated based on dates or scan serial numbers.

    As of version 2.05, you may also specify conditional settings based on the
    source names under the 'object' branch. E.g.:

	object.[Jupiter] bright

    will invoke the 'bright' configuration for Jupiter. The check for the 
    source name is case insensitive, and matches all source names that begin
    with the specified sequence of characters. Thus, the SHARC-2 configuration
    line:
	
	object.[PNT_] point

    will perform a pointing fit at the end of the reduction for all sources
    whose catalog names begin with 'PNT_' (e.g. PNT_3C345).

    These examples also demonstrates that conditionals can be branched just 
    like options. (In the above cases, the conditions effectively reside in the
    'mjd', 'date' or 'serial' branches). Other commonly used conditionals of 
    this type are iteration based settings:

	> crush [...] -iteration.[last-1]whiten=2.0 [...]

    will activate the noise whitening in the iteration before the last one.

    The use of branched conditions can be tricky. For interpreted conditions
    a key (e.g. 'iteration', 'mjd', 'serial' or 'date') defines the rule by
    which the condition is interpreted. As such the square brackets should
    always follow afterwards.

    For simple conditions, which are based on the existence of configuration
    keys, the placement of brackets matters for how the conditional statement
    is interpreted. E.g., the condition:

    	  [key.subkey] option=value

    is not equivalent to

       	  key.[subkey] option=value

    The second line assumes that 'option' is also a branch of 'key', so it 
    actually sets the 'key.option' conditional on 'key.subkey'. In other words
    the following would be truly equivalent statements:

    	  key.[subkey] option=value
    	  =
	  [key.subkey] key.option=value

    Here is an example to illustrate the difference with actual settings:

    	  [source.model] blacklist clip

    blacklists 'clip' whenever a source model is defined (via 'source.model').
    On the other hand,

       	  source.[model] filter

    can be used to activate the 'source.filter' when 'source.model' is defined.

    It is possible to clear all conditional settings by:

	  forget conditions
 
 
    Aliases
    -------
    CRUSH allows you to create your own shorthands for convenience, using the 
    alias key. Some shorthands are predefined for convenience. For example,
    one may prefer to simply type 'array' instead of 'correlated.obs-channels'
    (referring to the common mode signals seen by the group of observing 
    channels). This shorthand is set (in 'default.cfg') by the statement:

	alias.array correlated.obs-channels

    Thus, the option:

	array.resolution=1.0

    is translated by CRUSH into

	correlated.obs-channels.resolution=1.0

    Aliases are literal substitutions. Therefore, they can also be used
    to shorthand full (or partial) statements. In this way 'altaz' is
    is defined to be a shorthand for 'system=horizontal'. You can find this 
    definition (in 'default.cfg') as:

	alias.altaz system horizontal

    Finally, conditions can be also aliased. An example of this is the
    preconfigured alias (also in 'default.cfg') 'final', which is defined as

	alias.final iteration.[last]

    Thus the the command line option '-final:smooth=beam' is equivalent
    to the typing '-iteration.[last]smooth=beam'. (The ':' serves as a way
    for separating conditions from the setting on the command line, where
    spaces aren't allowed unless placed in a literal quote.)


    References
    ----------
    As of version 2.12, CRUSH allows both static and dynamics references to be 
    used when setting configuration values. All references are placed inside 
    curly brackets. After the opening '{' a special character is used to define
    what type of reference is used:

	Table. Referencing
	--------------------------------------------------------------
	Description			Symbol		Example		
        ==============================================================
	Static reference to another	&		{&datapath}
	configuration value/property
	--------------------------------------------------------------
	Dynamic reference to a
	configuration value/property	?		{?tau.225GHz}
	--------------------------------------------------------------
	Shell environment variable	@		{@HOME}
	--------------------------------------------------------------
	Java property			#		{#user.home}
	--------------------------------------------------------------

   Thus, for example, you can set the path to the output data (e.g. images)
   relative to the raw (input) data (which is specified by datapath. E.g.:

	outpath = {&datapath}/images

   So, if your 'datapath' was set to '/data/myobservations', then CRUSH will 
   write its output into '/data/myobservations/images'. You could have also 
   used:

	outpath = {?datapath}/images

   also. The difference is that the former is evaluated only once, when the
   statement is parsed, substituting whatever value 'datapath' had at that 
   particular point. In contrast, the latter, dynamic statement is evaluated 
   every time it is queried by CRUSH, always substituting the current value of 
   'datapath'. While the two forms can have effectively identical results if 
   'datapath' remains unchanged, there are particular scenarios when you might 
   need one or the other form specifically. Here are two examples:

      * Static reference: Suppose you want to amend a previously defined value. 
	For example, you want to read data from a sub-directory of the current
	datapath. This requires the new datapath to refer back to its prior
	value. If it is done with a dynamic reference, it will result in an
	infinite recursion. Therefore, you will always want to use static 
	self-references:

	   datapath = {&datapath}/jan2012

      * Dynamic reference: Suppose you want to refer to a value that has not
	yet been defined. An example would be to try write output into sub-
	folders by object name (e.g. for GISMO, where object name is usually
	defined for locating scans). Then, you would write:

	   datapath = /home/images/{?object}

	So by setting this statement ahead of time (e.g. in a global 
	configuration file), it can always have its desired effect.

    In addition to querying configuration settings the same syntax can be used
    to look up other CRUSH properties. Currently, the following are defined:

	instrument		The name of the instrument providing the data.

	version			The CRUSH version (e.g. 2.13-1).

	fullversion		The CRUSH version including extra revision
				information. E.g. '2.13-1 (beta1)'

    Thus you can, for example set the output directory by instrument name and 
    CRUSH version, E.g.:

      outpath = {&outpath}/{&instrument}/{&version}

    So, if you took data with LABOCA and reduced with CRUSH 2.13-1, then the
    output will go to the 'laboca/2.13-1' subfolder within the the directory
    specified by 'outpath'.


    Path Names
    ----------
    Path names generally follow the rules of your OS. However, in order to
    enable platform independent configuration files, the UNIX-like '/' is
    always permitted (and is generally preferred) as a path separator. As a
    result, you should avoid using path names that contain '/' characters 
    (even in quoted or escaped forms!) other than those separating directories.

    Since CRUSH allows the use of environment variables when defining values
    (see above), you can use {@HOME} for your UNIX home directory; or 
    {@HOMEPATH} for your user folder under Windows. Or, {#user.home} has the 
    same effect universally, by referring to the the Java property
    storing the location of the user's home folder.

    The tilde character '~' is also universally understood to 
    mean your home folder. And, finally, the UNIX-like '~johndoe' may specify 
    johndoe's home directory in any OS as long as it shares the same parent 
    directory with your home folder (e.g. both johndoe and your home folder 
    reside under a common '/home' or 'C:\Documents and Settings'). 
	
    Thus, in UNIX systems (including MacOS), you may use:

	datapath={@HOME}/mydata			# environment variables
	datapath={#user.home}/mydata		# Java properties
	datapath=~/mydata			# the '~' shorthand
	datapath=~johndoe/data			# relative to another user
	datapath=/mnt/data/2010			# Fully qualified path names

    while in Windows any of the following are acceptable:

	datapath="~\My Data"			# Using the '~' shorthand
	datapath="{$HOMEPATH}\My Data"		# Using environment variables
	datapath="{#user.home}\My Data"		# Java properties
	datapath=D:/data/Sharc2/2010		# UNIX-style paths
	datapath=D:\data\Sharc2\2010		# proper Windows paths
	datapath="~John Doe\Data"		# relative to another user



    Wildcards
    ---------
    Thanks to the branching of configuration keys, wildcards '*' can be used to
    configure all existing branches of a key at once. E.g.:

    	correlated.*.resolution=1.0

    Will set the 'resolution' for every currently defined 'correlated' 
    modality. Thus, if you had the common 'obs-channels' and 'gradients' modes 
    defined as well as an instrument mode, say 'cables', then the above is 
    equivalent to:

        correlated.obs-channels.resolution 1.0
	correlated.gradients.resolution 1.0
	correlated.cables.resolution 1.0

    Additionally, wildcards can be used with the 'forget', 'blacklist' or
    'remove'. E.g.:

    	forget despike.*
 
    clears all sub-settings of 'despike' (while keeping despiking enabled, if
    it already was).


    Checking Configuration State
    ----------------------------
    You can check the current configuration using the 'poll' command. Without
    an argument it lists the full current configuration, e.g.:

       > crush [...] -poll

    lists all the currently active settings at the time of polling, as well
    as all settings that can be recalled (i.e. were unset using 'forget').
    The comlete list of settings can be long, especially when you just want
    to check for specific configurations. In this case, you can specify an
    argument to poll, to lists only settings that start with the specified
    pattern. For example, you care only to check despiking settings (for the
    first round of despiking). Then, you would type:

       > crush [...] -poll=despike

    Or, you can also type:

       > crush [...] -despike.poll

    The difference is that the first method lists all configuration keys from 
    the root of the configuration tree that start with the word 'despike', 
    wereas, the second example lists the settings in the subtree of the 
    'despike' key (hence without 'despike' appearing in in the list).

    You can also check on conditional statements similarly. E.g.:

       > crush [...] -conditions

    or,

       > crush [...] -conditions=date

    for a selected list of conditions starting with 'date', or

       > crush [...] -date.conditions

    for the subtree of conditions under the 'date' key (without preprending
    the 'date' key itself).

    Finally, you can also check what settings are currently blacklisted using
    the 'blacklist' command, without an argument. E.g.:

       > crush [...] -blacklist

    or,

       > crush [...] -despike.blacklist

    to check only for blacklisted settings under the despike branch.


    Startup Configuration
    ---------------------
    At launch, crush will parse 'default.cfg' to establish a default 
    configuration set. All configurations files are first parsed from the 
    files in the crush directory, then additional options or overriders 
    are read also from the appropriate instrument subdirectories, if exist.
 
    After that, crush will check if these configuration files also exists 
    under the inside the '~/.crush2' directory of the user. If so, they will be
    used to override again. See more on this in the next section under the
    'config' option. In this way, the '~/.crush' directory can be used as
    a convenient way to create user specific setting and/or overrides to
    global defaults.





#####################################################################
2. Advanced Topics
#####################################################################



2.1 Filtering corrections, transfer functions, etc.
===================================================

    Most reduction steps (decorrelation, 1/f drift removal, spectral filtering) 
    will impact different spatial frequencies of the source structure 
    differently. In general, the low spatial frequency components are most 
    affected (suppressed). E.g. decorrelating the full array will reject 
    scales larger than the field-of-view, while 1/f filtering will result in
    1/f spatial filtering of the map due to the scanning motion, which more
    or less directly maps temporal frequencies into spatial frequencies.

    The approach of CRUSH is to apply appropriate point-source corrections
    (rescaling) such that point sources in the map yield the same fluxes no
    matter how (i.e. with what options exactly) the source was reduced. 
    While the corrections will be readily sufficient for a large fraction of 
    the science cases in this simple form, there are two notable exceptions
    to this rule: (i) extended emission, and (ii) small, fast maps reduced
    in 'deep' mode (when the source is scanned over the same detector more than
    once over the 'stability' timescale). 

    The better approach for these cases is to measure a transfer function, or 
    otherwise check the reduction of a similar simulated source.


    Transfer functions and simulated sources
    ----------------------------------------
    The 'sources' option provides a means for inserting test sources into
    CRUSH maps, while one of the 'jackknife' options can be used to remove
    any real emission beforehand but retaining the signal and noise structure
    of the data otherwise (which is important in order to get a representative
    measure of the transfer function). E.g.

       > crush [...] -jackknife.alternate -sources=test.mask ...

    will apply an alternating jackknife to the input scans, and insert sources
    specified in the mask file 'test.mask' (See 'example.mask' on the format
    of mask files, and the GLOSSARY for more on jackknifing options).

    To measure transfer functions (i.e. complete spatial characterization of
    the point-source response) you would want to insert a single beam-sized 
    point source. Alternatively, you can insert one or more Gaussian-shaped 
    source(s) with a range of FWHMs to create a simulated source structure that
    resembles the structure you expect your source(s) to have.

    Make sure your test source is bright enough to see with high S/N, but not
    too bright to trigger unintended flagging, or despiking. In general, a S/N
    between 100 and 1000 should be fine for default reductions, and 100 to 300 
    for 'faint' or 'deep' modes.

    Additionally, in 'faint' or 'deep' modes, you may want to disable some 
    features which may affect your relatively bright test sources differently
    than your much fainter real science target(s). Thus, the following are
    recommended for reducing 'faint' and 'deep' test sources:

   	> crush [...] -blacklist=clip,blank,source.filter.blank    

    Note also that the spatial filtering (transfer function) will be varying
    with location on the map (since the scanning speed and directions will
    themselves be non-uniform over the map). Therefore, it is strongly 
    recommended that test sources are inserted near the same locations as the
    real sources in the field.
    
    
2.2 Making sense of the console output
======================================

   Say you are reducing two scans with the command:

	./crush laboca -deep 12065 12066

   The output begins with some minimalistic capture of the scans that are
   read in. This is reasonably straighforward.

   Then, you'll get some information on the type of reduction that has been
   selected by you. This refers to the brighness and extent of the source. 
   In this case, since '-deep' was specified without a further specification of
   source size, the reduction will assume deep-field-type sources that are
   point like.

   After this, some basic information is given on the source and the map
   parameters. 

   At last, the reduction enters its main iterative phase. You'll see some 
   cryptic words and some numbers in a row. Each letter corresponds to an
   incremental modeling of the time-series signals, while the integer numbers
   tell you how many pixels remain unflagged after a step which can discard
   'funky' pixels. Here's what the various bits stand for:

   Inside brackets:
   ----------------

   [nnnnn|m]:		processing scan nnnnn, subscan m from the list

	(#.##E#)	The effective point-source NEFD (usually after 
			weighting or at the mapping step)
			shown in the effective mapping units times sqrt(s).

	[]		bracketed models are solved via median estimators

	(#)		Indicates the time resolution of the given step as
			the number of downsampled frames, when this is not
			the default full resolution.

   Reduction-step Shorthands
   -------------------------

	a		Decorrelating amplifier boards (e.g. LABOCA,GISMO).
	am		Remove correlated telescope acceleration (magnitude)
	ax		Remove correlated telescope x acceleration
	ay		Remove correlated telescope y acceleration
	B		Decorrelating electronic boxes (e.g. LABOCA).
	C		Solving for correlated noise and pixel gains
			The time resolution (in frames) is shown in brackets
			if not full resolution, followed by the number of 
			unflagged pixels if gains are solved and a gain range
			is defined for flagging.
	c		Decorrelating electronic cables (e.g. LABOCA)	
                        or geometric columns (e.g. GISMO)
	cx		Remove correlated chopper x position
	cy		Remove correlated chopper y position
	D		Solving for pixel drifts (1/f filtering).
	dA(%)		despiking absolute deviations.	
			In brackets it shows the percentage % of frames
			flagged in the data as spiky by any method.
	dF(%)		despiking wider features.
	dG(%)		like above but proceeds gradually.
	dN(%)		despiking using neighbouring samples in the timeseries.
	E		Remove correlated SAE error signal (GISMO)	
	G		Estimating atmospheric gradients accross the FOV.
	J		De-jumping frames (e.g. for GISMO). Followed by two
			colon (:) separated numbers: the first, the number of
			de-jumped blocks that were re-levelled and kept; and
			the number of blocks flagged.
	m		Decorrelating on multiplexers (e.g. GISMO, SCUBA-2)
	Mf		Filtering principal telescope motion.
	O		Solving for pixel offsets
	p		Decorrelating on (virtual) amplifier pins (e.g. GISMO)
	Q		Decorrelating wafers (e.g. ASZCA).
	r		Decorrelating on geometric rows (e.g. SHARC-2, GISMO)
	t		Solving for the twisting of band cables (e.g. LABOCA).
	tx		Remove correlated telescope x position
	ty		Remove correlated telescope y position
	tW		Estimating time weights.
	W		Estimating pixel weights.
	w		Estimating pixel weights using the 'differential'
			method.
   	wh(x.xx)	Noise whitening. The average source throughput factor
			from the whitening is shown.	

  Source model-specific:
  ----------------------

     
   	Map		Calculating source map from scan. The effective point
			source NEV/NEFD of the instrument is shown in the 
			brackets (e.g. as Jy sqrt(s)).
	[C1~#.##]	Filtering corrections are applied directly and are
			#.## on average.
	[C2=#.##]	Faint structures are corrected for filtering after
			the mapping via an average correction factor #.##.

   [Source]		Solving for source map.
   	{check}		Discarding invalid map data.
	{despike}	despiking scan maps before adding to composite.
	{filter}	Spatial large-scale structure (LSS) filtering of the 
			scan maps.
	(level)		Zero levelling to map median.
	(smooth)	Smoothing map.
	(filter)	Spatial filtering of the composite map.
	(noiseclip)	Clip out the excessively noisy parts of the map.
	(filter)	Filtering large scale structures (i.e. sky-noise).
	(exposureclip)	Clipping under-exposed map points.
	(blank)		Blank excessively bright points from noise models.
	(sync)		Removing the source model from the time-stream.



   Thus, the lines on the console output: 

    $ Round 4: 
    $
    $  [11564] D(128) C245 W(8.44E-2)245 dN(0.0%)245 B245 c245 Map(8.44E-2) 
    $  [Source] {check} (smooth) (clip:4.0) (blank:10.0) (sync) 
	
   Are interpreted as such: In the 4th iteration, the following steps are
   performed on scan 11564: 

	D(128)       -- 1/f filtering (on 128 frame timescale)
   	C245         -- removing the correlated noise from the array with 
			245 pixels surviving the gain range criterion.
	W(8.44E0-2)  -- Deriving pixel weights with the 'rms' method. The
			average sensitivity of the array is estimated to be
			84.4 mJy sqrt(s).
	dN(0.0%)245  -- Despiking via the 'neighbours' method, with 0.0% of the
			data flagged as spikes, and 245 pixels surviving the
			flagging of pixels with too many spikes.
	B245	     -- Decorrelating on amplifier boxes, with 245 pixels 
			having acceptable gains to the correlated signals.
	c245	     -- Decorrelating on electronic cables, with 245 pixels
			showing acceptable gain response to these signals.
	Map(8.44E-2) -- Mapping scan, with estimated point source NEFD of
			84.4 mJy sqry(s).

   The, at the end of the iteration a composite source model is created. This
   is further processed as:

	{check}	     -- Remove invalid data from the scan maps (before adding
			to composite).
	(smooth)     -- smooth composite by the desired amount.
	(clip:4.0)   -- Discard map points below an S/N of 4.0 from composite.
	(blank:10.0) -- Do not use bolometer data in other steps, which are
			collected over the map points with S/N > 10, thus
			reducing the bias that bright sources can cause in the
			reduction steps.
	(sync)	     -- Synch the composite model back to the time-stream data.

   Once the reduction is done, various files, including the source map, are
   written. This is appropriately echoed on the console output.



2.3 Pointing Corrections
========================

   Reducing the data with the correct pointing can be crucial (esp. when 
   attempting to detect/calibrate faint point sources). At times the pointing
   may be badly determined at the time of observation. Luckily, getting the 
   exact pointing offset wrong at the time of the observation has no serious 
   consequences as long as the source still falls on the array, and as long as 
   the exact pointing can be determined later. If you, at the time of the data 
   reduction, have a better guess of what the pointing was at the time the
   data was taken (e.g. by fitting a model to the night's pointing data), you 
   can specify the pointing offsets that you believe were more characteristic
   to the data, by using the '-pointing' option *before* listing the scans 
   that should be reduced with the given corrections. E.g.,

	> crush [...] -pointing=12.5,-7.3 <scans>

   Will instruct minicrush that the 'true' pointing was at dAZ=12.5 and 
   dEL=-7.3 arcsec each (i.e. it works just like pcorr on APECS).

   Some instruments, like SHARC-2, may allow specifying the aggregated pointing
   offsets (e.g. 'fazo' and 'fzao') instead of the differential corrections 
   supplied by 'pointing'.


   Obtaining Corrections
   ---------------------
   Good practice demands that you regularly observe pointing/calibration 
   sources near your science targets, from which you can derive appropriate
   corrections. CRUSH provides the means for a analyzing pointing/calibration
   data effectively, using the 'point' option:

       > crush [...] -point [...]

   At the end of the reduction, CRUSH will analyze the map, and suggest
   appropriate pointing corrections (to use with '-pointing', or other
   instrument-specific options), and provide calibration information as well
   as some basic measures of source extent and shape.



   After Reduction (a poor alternative)
   ------------------------------------
   You can also make pointing changes after the reduction (alas, now in 
   RA/DEC). You can read off the apparent source position from each separately 
   reduced scan (e.g. by using 'show' and placing the cursor above the apparent
   source center/peak). Then you can use 'imagetool' to adjust the pointing. 
   E.g.:

	> imagetool [...] -origin=3.0,-4.5 ... 

   The above moves the map origin by 3" in RA and -4.5" in DEC. 

   Then, other crush tools (like coadd, imagetool etc.) will use these images 
   with the proper alignment. Clearly, this method of adjusting the pointing is
   only practical if your source is clearly detected in the map.



2.4 Recovery of Extended Emission
==================================

   As a general rule, ground based instruments (in the mm and submm) are only 
   sensitive to structures smaller than the Field-of-View (FoV) of the 
   instrument. All scales larger than the FoV will be strongly degenerate with 
   the bright correlated atmosphere (a.k.a. sky noise), and will be very 
   difficult, if not outright impossible, to measure accurately. In a sense, 
   this is analogous to the limitations of interferometric imaging, or the 
   diffraction-limited resolution of finite apertures. 

   However, there is a some room for pushing this limit, just like it is 
   possible to obtain some limited amount of super-resolution (beyond the 
   diffraction limit) using deconvolution. The limits to recovery of scales 
   over the FoV is similar to those of obtaining super-resolution beyond the 
   diffraction limit. Both these methods

	1. yield imperfect answers, because the relevant spatial scales are 
	   poorly measured in the first place.

	2. are only feasible for high signal-to-noise structures.

	3. can, at best, go beyond by a factor of a few beyond the fundamental 
	   limit.

   You can usually choose to recover more extended emission if you are willing 
   to put up with more noise on those larger scales. This trade-off works 
   backwards too -- i.e., you can get cleaner maps if you are willing to filter
   them more.

   As a general principle, structures that are bright (>> 5-sigma) can be fully
   recovered to up to a few times the field-of-view (FOV) of the bolometer 
   array. However, the fainter the structure, the more it will be affected by 
   filtering.

   Generally, the fainter the reduction mode, the more filtering of faint
   structures results, and the more limited the possibility of recovering 
   extended structures becomes. The table below is a rough guide of what 
   maximum scales you may expect for such faint feaures, and also, how noise is
   expected to increase on the large scales as these are added in 'extended' 
   mode:


|	Table 1. Maximum faint structure scales for S/N <~ 5
|
|	
|		     |	  (compact)	extended      Noise power
|		     |	  (DEFAULT)		      with size l
|	===========================================================
|	bright	     |	
|	(DEFAULT)    |	   FOV/2	 ~FOV		 ~l^2
|                    |
|		     |	2*sourceSize	 		  
|	faint, deep  |	     or		 FOV/2		  ~l
|		     |	   2*beam
|	-----------------------------------------------------------


   Iterating longer, will generally help recover more of the not-too-faint 
   large-scale emission (along with the large-scale noise!). Thus,

   	 > crush -extended -rounds=50 [...] 

   will generally recover more extended emission than just the default

   	 > crush -extended [...]

   (which iterates 10 times). In general, you may expect to recover significant
   (>5 sigma) emission up to scales L as:

	L ~= FoV + sqrt(N v T)

   in terms the number of iteration N, limiting Field-of-View (FoV), scanning 
   velocity v and correlated noise stability time-scale T. Unfortunately, the 
   correlated noise stability of most ground-based instruments is on the order 
   of a second or less due to a highly variable atmosphere. At the same time, 
   the noise rms on the large scales will increase assymptotically as:

	rms ~ sqrt(N)

   for large numbers of iterations.




2.5 Pixelization and Smoothing
===============================

   There seem to be many misconceptions about the 'correct' choice of 
   pixelization and about the (mal)effects of smoothing. This section aims to 
   offer a balanced account on choosing an appropriate mapping grid and on the 
   pros and cons of applying smoothing to your maps.


   Pixelization (i.e. choosing the 'right' grid)
   ---------------------------------------------
   Misconception 1: You should always 'Nyquist' sample your map, with 2 pixels
   per beam FWHM, to ensure ideal representation.

   There is more than one thing wrong with the above idea. First, there is no
   'Nyquist' sampling of Gaussian beams. The Nyquist sampling theorem applies 
   only to data, which has a cutoff frequency (i.e. the Nyquist frequency), 
   above which there is no information present. Then, and only then, will 
   sampled data (at a frequency strictly larger[!] than twice the Nyquist 
   cutoff) preserve all information about the signals. Secondly, 2-pixels per 
   beam is almost certainly too few for the case of Gaussian beams.

   Here is why: Gaussian beams have no actual frequency cutoff -- the signal 
   spreads  across the spectrum, with information present at all frequencies, 
   even if it is increasingly tapered at the higher frequencies. By choosing a 
   sampling (i.e. pixel size in your map) the information above your sampling 
   rate will be aliased into the sampled band, corrupting your pixelized data. 

   Thus, you can choose a practical cutoff frequency (i.e. pixelization) based
   on the level of information loss and corruption you are willing to tolerate.
   At 2.5 pixels pear FWHM, you retain ~95% of the underlying information, and 
   corrupt it by the remaining 5%. With more pixels per beam, you get more 
   accurate maps. (The 2-pixels per beam, that many understand to be the 
   Nyquist  sampled, is certainly too few by most standards of accuracy!)

   Thus, the CRUSH default is to use around 5-pixels per FWHM, representing a 
   compromise between completeness (~99%) and a senseless increase of map 
   pixels (i.e. number of model parameters).


   Smoothing
   ---------
   Misconception 2: You should not smooth your maps, because it does something
   'unnatural' to your 'raw' image.

   Again, there are two reasons why this is wrong. The first problem with this 
   view is that there is no 'natural' or 'raw' image to start with, because 
   there is no 'natural' pixelization (see above). Secondly, by choosing a map 
   pixel size, you effectively apply smoothing -- only that your smoothing 
   kernel is a square pixel, with an abrupt edge, rather than a controlled (and
   directionless) taper of choice. 

   (To convice yourself that a map pixels apply smoothing, consider the mapping 
   process: each pixel will represent an average of the emission from the area 
   it covers. Thus, the pixel values are essentially samples of a moving 
   integral under the pixel shape -- i.e. samples of the emission convolved 
   [smoothed] by the pixel shape.)

   However, smoothing does have one real con, in that it degrades the effective
   resolution of the image. Consider smoothing by Gaussian kernels. Then, the
   image resolution (imageFWHM) increases with the smoothing width (smoothFWHM)
   as

       imageFWHM^2 = beamFWHM^2 + smoothFWHM^2

   from the instrument resolution (beamFWHM). However, you can smooth a fair 
   bit before the degradation of resolution becomes a problem. If you use 
   sub-beam smoothing with smoothFWHM < beamFWHM, then the relative widening is

    	~ 0.5 * (smoothFWHM / beamFWHM)^2

   Thus, smoothing by half a beam, degrades resolution by ~12% only... At the 
   same time, smoothing can bring many benefits:

     * Improves image appearance and S/N by rejecting pixelization noise. It is
       better to use a finer grid and smooth the image by the desired amount,
       than to pixelize coarsely -- not only for visual appearance but also
       for the preservation of information.

     * Smoothing can help avoid pathological solutions during the iterations, 
       by linking nearby pixel values together.

     * Beam-smoothing is the optimal (Wiener) filtering of point sources in a 
       white noise background. Thus, smoothing by the beam produces the highest 
       signal-to-noise measurement of point sources.

     * Beam-smoothing is mathematically equivalent to fitting fixed-width beams
       at every pixel position. The beam-smoothed flux value in each pixel
       represents the amplitude of a beam fitted at that position using 
       chi-squared minimization. Thus, beam smoothed images are the bread-and-
       butter of point source extraction (e.g. the 'detect' tool of CRUSH).

   Given the pros and the con for smoothing, the different reduction modes 
   (default, 'faint' or 'deep') of CRUSH make different compromises. The 
   default reduction aims to provide maps with maximal resolution (i.e. no 
   smoothing), although a some smoothing is used during the iterations to aid
   convergence to a robust solution. 'faint' mode reductions smooth by 2/3 
   beams (resulting in ~22% degradation of resolution), to provide better 
   signal-to-noise at a moderate loss of spatial resolution. 
   Finally, 'deep' reductions yield beam smoothed images, which are ideal for 
   point source extraction, even if some spatial details are sacrificed.

   You can change/override these default settings. The smoothing during 
   reduction is  controlled by the 'smooth' setting, which can take both a 
   Gaussian FWHM (in arcsec) as its arguments as well as the preset values 
   'minimal', 'halfbeam', '2/3beam' and 'beam'. The smoothing of the final map 
   can be controlled by 'final:smooth' (the 'final' stands as a shorthand 
   conditional for the last iteration). Thus,

      > crush [...] -smooth=halfbeam -final:smooth=minimal [...]

   smoothes by half a beam during the iterations, and only slightly for the 
   output image, while

      > crush [...] -forget=smooth -final:forget=smooth [...]

   disables smoothing both during reduction and at the end. The table below
   summarizes the effect of the preset smoothing values, indicating both the
   degradation of resolution (relative to the telescope beam) and the relative
   peak S/N on point sources:


|           Table 2. Smoothing properties
|           -------------------------------------
|           setting          widening	rel. S/N
|           =====================================
|           minimal	         6%	    0.33
|           halfbeam	        12%	    0.50
|           2/3beam	        22%	    0.67
|           beam		41%	    1.00
|           -------------------------------------




2.6 Image processing post-reduction
====================================

   CRUSH also provides 'imagetool' for post-processing images after reduction. 
   The typical usage of imagetool is:

       > imagetool -name=<output.fits> [options] <input.fits>

   which processes <input.fits> with the given options, and writes the result 
   to <output.fits>. 

   With imagetool, you can apply the desired level of smoothing (-smooth=X), or
   spatial filtering (-extFilter=X), specify circular regions to be skipped by 
   the filter (-mask=<filename>). You can adjust the clipping of noisy map 
   edges by relative exposure (-minExp=X) or by relative noise (-maxNoise=X).
   You can also crop a rectangular region (-crop=dx1,dy1,dx2,dy2). There are 
   many more image operations. See the imagetool manual (in your UNIX shell, or
   online) or simply run 'imagetool' without an argument:

       > imagetool

   One of the useful options allows to toggle between the noise estimate from 
   the detector time-streams (-noise=data) and from the image itself 
   (-noise=image) using a robust estimator. For example, after spatial 
   filtering, you probably want to re-estimate the map noise:
   
       > imagetool [...] -extFilter=45.0 -noise=image <input.fits>

   The built-in image display tool 'show' also takes all processing options
   of imagetool, but rather than writing the result, it will display it in
   an interactive window. See the manual page of 'show' (either inside your
   UNIX shell, or online), or run 'show' without an argument.



    
2.7 Reducing Very Large Datasets
================================

   Coming soon...







2.8 Custom Logging Support
==========================

   CRUSH (as of version 2.03 really) provides a poweful scan/reduction logging
   capability via the 'log' and 'obslog' keys. 

   'log' writes the log entries for each scan *after* the reduction, whereas 
   'obslog' does not reduce data at all, only logs the scans immediately after 
   reading them. While both logging functions work identically, some of the 
   values are generated during reduction, and therefore may not be available to
   'obslog'.

   Log Files and Versioning
   ------------------------
   You can specify the log files to use with the 'log.file' and 'obslog.file'
   keys (the default is to use <instrument>.log and <instrument>.obs.log in the
   'outpath' directory). Equivalently, you can also set the filename directly 
   as an optional argument to 'log' and 'obslog':

      > crush [...] -log=myLog.log [...]  

   You can specify the quantities, and the formatting in which they will appear,
   using the 'log.format' and 'obslog.format' keys. Below you will find more
   information on how to set the number formatting of quantities and a list
   of values available for the logging.
   
   A log file always has a fixed format, the one which was used when creating 
   it. Therefore, a conflict may arise if the same log file is specified for 
   use with a different format. The policy for resolving such conflicts can be
   set via the 'log.conflict' and 'obslog.conflict' keys, which can have one
   of the following values:

       overwrite    Overwrites the previous log file, with a new one in the
       		    newly specified format

       version	    Tries to find a sub-version of the same log file (with .1,
       		    .2, .3 ... extension added) in the new format, or create
		    the next available sub-version.

   The default behaviour is to assume versioning, in order to preserve 
   information in case of conflicts.


   Decimal Formatting of Values
   ----------------------------
   Many of the quantities you can log are floating point values, and you have
   the possibility of controlling how these will appear in your log files. 
   Simply put one of the formatting directives in brackets after the value
   to specifts its format. 

   E.g. the keys 'RA' or 'RAh' will write the right-ascention coordinate either
   as radians or as hours, with the default floating point formats. However,
   'RA(h:2)' will write the value in human-readable 'hh:mm:ss.ss' format, 
   whereas 'RAh(f3)' will express it as 'hh.hhh'.

   You can choose from the following formats to express various quantities.
   Be careful, because not all formats are appropriate to all types of data.
   (For example, you should not try to format angles expressed in degrees with
   the DMS formatting capabilities of the 'a' angle formats. Use these only
   with angles expressed in radians!)


	d0...d9		Integer format with 0...9 digits. E.g. 'd3' will write
			Pi (3.1415...) as 003.

	e0...e9		Exponential format with 0...9 decimals. E.g. e4 will
			write Pi as 3.1415E0.

	f0...f9		Floating point format with 0...9 decimals. E.g. f3 will
			write Pi as 3.141.

	s0...s9		Human readable format with 0...9 significant figures 
			(floating point or exponential format,
			whichever is more compact).

	a:0...a:3
	as0...as3
	al0...al3	Angle format with 0...3 decimals on the seconds. E.g.
			'a:1' produces angles in ddd:mm:ss.s format. Use only
			with values expressed as radians (not in degrees!).
			As such, 'a:1' will format Pi as '180:00:00.0'. The
			difference between the 'a:', 'as', and 'al' formats is
			the separators used between degrees, minutes and seconds
			(colons, symbols, and letters respectively).

	h:0...h:3
	hs0...hs3		
	hl0...hl3	Hour-angle format (e.g. for RA coordinate) with 0...3
			decimals on the seconds. E.g. 'h:2' formats angles in
			'hh:mm:ss.ss' format. Use only with values expressed
			as radians (not in degrees!). As such 'h:2' will format
			Pi as '12:00:00.0'. The difference between the 'h:', 
			'hs', and 'hl' formats is the separators used between 
			hours, minutes and seconds (colons, symbols, and 
			letters respectively).

			E.g. Pi will be:

				h:1	12:00:00.0
				hs1	12h00'00.0"
				hl1	12h00m00.0s

	t:0...t:3
	ts0...ts3
	tf0...tf3	Time format with 0...3 decimals on the seconds. E.g.
			't:1' formats time in 'hh:mm:ss.s' format. Use only
			on time values expressed in seconds! The difference 
			between the 't:', 'ts', and 'tl' formats is the 
			separators used between hours, minutes and seconds 
			(colons, symbols, and letters respectively).

	

   Quantities and values that can be logged
   ----------------------------------------
   Currently, CRUSH offers the following quantities for logging. Directives
   starting with '?' will log the values of configuration keys. Other 
   quantitites reflect the various internals of the scan or instrument state.
   More quantities will be added to this list in the future, especially 
   values that are specific to certain instruments only. Keep an eye out for
   changes/addititions :-).   


	?<keyword>	The value of the configuration <keyword>. If the
			configuration option is not defined '---' is written.
			If the keyword is set without a value, then '<true>'
			is written.

	AZ		Azymuth coordinate (in radians). E.g. 'AZ(a:1)'
			produces ddd:mm:ss.s formatted output. See also 'AZd' 
			and 'EL'.

	AZd		Azymuth coordinate in degrees. E.g. 'AZd(f2)'
			produces output in ddd.dd format. See also 'AZ' and 
			'ELd'

	channels	Number of channels processed in the reduction. See
			also 'okchannels' and 'maxchannels'.

	chopeff		Chopper efficiency.

	chopfreq	Chopper frequency (in Hz).

	chopthrow	Chopper throw (2x amplitude).

	creator		Software that created the data file (as stored by
			the FITS CREATOR keyword).

	date		Date (and time) of the observation. E.g. 
			'date(yyyy-MM-dd)'. The format follows the rules for 
			Java's SimpleDateFormat class.
			
	DEC		Declination coordinate (in radians). E.g. 'DEC(a:0)'
			produces the declination in ddd:mm:ss format. See also
			'RA' and 'DECd'.

	DECd		Declination coordinate (in degrees). E.g. 'DECd(f1)'
			produces output in ddd.d format. See also 'RAh' and
			'DEC'.

	descriptor	A descriptor string for the scan (e.g. the scan number
			or file name used to invoke the scan).

	dir		Scanning direction. E.g. 'HO', 'EQ', 'EC', 'GL', 'SG'.

	EL		Elevation coordinate (in radians). 
	
	ELd		Elevation coordinate (in degrees).

	epoch		Full coordinate epoch, e.g. (J2000.0).

	epochY		E.g. epochY(f1) -> 2000.0

	frames		Number of unflagged frames in the scan.

	FWHM		Mean beam FWHM of the instrument (in 'sizeunit').

	gain		Instrument gain.

	generation	Source model generation.

	hipass		Highpass filtering timescale (in seconds)

	humidity	Ambient humidity (if recorded).

	id		Scan identifier (e.g. scan number)

	integrations	Number of integrations (subscans) contained in the 
			scan.

	LST		Local Sidereal Time (in seconds). E.g. use 'LST(t:1)'
			to format is as 'hh:mm:ss.s'.

	LSTh		LST in hours.

	maxchannels	Maximum number of channels the instrument can have
			(effectively the number of channels stored in the
			data file).

	maxFWHM		Smallest beam of the instrument (in sizeunit).

	minFWHM		Largest beam of the instrument (in sizeunit).

	MJD		Modified Julian Date of the scan.

	mount		The focus in which the instrument is mounted.

	NEFD		Average Noise Equivalent Flux Density (Jy sqrt[s]) as a
			measure of the array sensitivity.

	object		Name of observed object.

	observer	Name(s) of the observer(s).

	obshours	Effective on-source time (in hours).

	obsmins		Effective on-source time (in minutes).

	obstime		Effective on-source time (in seconds).

	okchannels	Number of good (unflagged) channels.

	PA		Mean parallactic angle (in radians).

	PAd		Mean parallactic angle in degrees.

	pnt.angle	Source elongation angle on map (degrees).

	pnt.asymX	Asymmetry in telescope X (%). 

	pnt.asymY	Asymmetry in telescope Y (%). `

	pnt.AZ		Azymuth pointing (arcsec).

	pnt.EL          Elevation pointing (arcsec).

	pnt.DEC		Declination pointing (arcsec).

	pnt.dasymX      Asymmetry uncertainty in telescope X (%).

        pnt.dasymY      Asymmetry uncertainty in telescope Y (%). `

	pnt.dangle	Source elongation angle error (deg).

	pnt.dAZ		Azymuth pointing residual (if available).

	pnt.dDEC	Pointing residual in the declination dir (if available).
	
	pnt.dEL		Elevation pointing residual (if available).

	pnt.delong	Source elongation error (%).

	pnt.delongX	Source elongation error in telescope X direction (%).
	
	pnt.dNasX	Pointing residual in the Nasmyth X dir (if available).

	pnt.dNasY	Pointing residual in the Nasmyth Y dir (if available).

	pnt.dRA		Pointing residual in the RA direction (if available).

	pnt.dX		Pointing residual in native X direction.

	pnt.dY		Pointing residual in native Y direction.

	pnt.elong	Source elongation (%).

	pnt.elongX	Source elongation in telescope X direction (%).

	pnt.RA		RA pointing (arcsec).

	pnt.X		Aggregated X pointing correction (including applied
			corrections and sometimes the pointing model too).

	pnt.Y		Aggregated Y pointing correction (including applied
                        corrections and sometimes the pointing model too).


	pressure	Ambient pressure (if recorded) in hPa.

	project		Project name (if defined)

	ptfilter	The point-source flux filtering throughput of the 
			reduction.

	RA		Right-ascention coordinate (in radians). E.g. use
			'RA(h:2)' to format as 'hh:mm:ss.ss'.

	RAd		Right-ascention coordinate (in degrees).

	RAh		Righ-ascention coordinate (in hours).

	rate		Sampling rate of the data (Hz). See also 'sampling'

	resolution	Instrument resolution (i.e. FWHM of the main beam).
			in 'sizeunit'.
	
	rmsspeed	RMS fluctuation of the scanning speed (arcsec/s).

	sampling	Sampling interval (seconds). The inverse of 'rate'.

	scale		Scaling factor applied to the scan. 

	scanspeed	Average scanning speed (arcsec/s).

	serial		Serial number of the scan.

	sizeunit	Size unit for measuring resolutions. E.g. 'arcsec'. 

	src.a		Major axis (arcsec) of the source ellipse.

	src.angle	Orientation of the source ellipse (deg).
	
	src.b		Minor axis (arcsec) of the source ellipse.

	src.da		Uncertainty of the minor axis (arcsec).
	
	src.dangle	Uncertainty of the orientation (deg).

	src.db		Uncertainty of the major axis (deg).

	src.dFWHM	Uncertainty of the source FWHM (arcsec).

	src.dint	Uncertainty of the integrated source flux (Jy). 

	src.dpeak	Uncertainty of the peah source flux (Jy/beam).

	src.FWHM	Source FWHM (arcsec).

	src.int		Integrated source flux (Jy) insize and adaptive
			aperture.

	src.peak	Peak source flux (Jy/beam).

	stat1f		A measure of the 1/f noise averaged over the array.
			The configurations options '1overf.freq' and 
			'1overf.ref' define the frequencies for the 1/f
			measurement and white-noise reference respectively.

	Tamb		Ambient temperature (if recorded) in degrees C.

	tau		The in-band, line-of-sight opacity value.

	tau.<id>	The zenith tau value for <id>. E.g. 'tau.225GHz' or
			'tau.PWV' if these are defined by appropriate scaling
			relations.

	UT		UT in seconds. E.g. use 'UT(t:1)' to format is as 
			'hh:mm:ss.s'.

	UTh		UT in hours.

	weight		The relative weight of the scan, based on the actual
			noise of the map it generates.

	winddir		Wind direction (if recorded) in degrees.

	windpk		Peak wind speed (if recorded) in m/s.
	
	windspeed	Wind speed (if recorded) im m/s.

	zenithtau	In-band opacity at zenith.


   Source model specific log entries
   ---------------------------------

	map.beams	  Number of (smoothed) beams in the map.

	map.contentType	  Type of data stored in the map.

	map.creator	  Creator's name or description.
	
	map.depth	  Weighted average depth of the map in map units.

	map.max		  Maximum value in map units.

	map.min		  Minimum value in map units.

	map.name	  Name of map data (e.g. object's name)

	map.points	  Number of pixels in the map.

	map.rms		  Typical RMS of the map in map units.

	map.size	  Size of the map in pixels e.g. '121x432'.

	map.sizeX   	  Map size in the 'x' direction (pixels).

	map.sizeY   	  Map size in the 'y' direction (pixels).

	map.system	  Coordtinate system id, e.g. 'HO', 'EQ', 'GL' etc.

	map.unit	  Name of map unit, e.g. 'Jy/beam'.

	smooth		  Smoothing applied, in the default size unit of
			  the instrument (e.g. in arcsecs).


   APEX specific log entries
   -------------------------

	chop?		Whether wobbler (chopper) was used.

	dir		Scan direction.

	geom		Geometry of observation.

	planet?		Whether observing a moving object (e.g. planet).

	obsmode		Observing mode.

	obstype		Type of observation.

	ref		Reference pixel number.

	rot		Rotation angle (deg).


  
   LABOCA specific log entries
   ---------------------------

	rmsHe3		RMS He3 temperature fluctutations (mK).
	
   
   PolKa specific log entries
   --------------------------
	
	analyzer	The analyzer in place ('H', 'V' or '-')

	wpdelay		The mean time-stamping delay (ms) of the waveplate 
			reference crossings based on the linear fit from 
			'waveplate.regulate'

	wpdir		Direction of waveplate rotation ('+' or '-')

	wpfreq		Waveplate frequency (Hz).

	wpjitter	Fractional jitter of the waveplate.

	wpok		Whether or not the scan has valid waveplate data.


   SHARC-2 specific log entries
   ----------------------------

	bias		The bias amplitude (mV) of the first detector row.

	dsos?		Whether DSOS was used.

	FAZO		FAZO during observation (arcsec).

	FZAO		FZAO during observation (arcsec).

	filter		Filter setting.

	foc.mode	Focum mode.

	foc.dY		Focus Y offset (mm).

	foc.dZ		Focus Z offset (mm).

	foc.X		Focus X (mm).

	foc.Y		Focus Y (mm).

	foc.Z		Focus Z (mm).

	load		The excess optical load in K (calculated or assumed).

	pnt.FAZO	FAZO pointing offset.
	
	pnt.FZAO	FZAO pointing offset.

	rot		Rotator angle (deg).

	rot0		Zero rotation angle (deg).

	rotmode		Rotator mode.

	rotoff		Rotator offset (deg).


   SCUBA-2 specific log entries
   ----------------------------

	filter		The observing wavelength.		

	foc.X		Focus X.

	foc.Y		Focus Y.
	
	foc.Z		Focus Z.





#####################################################################
3. Advanced Configuration
#####################################################################


In this section, you can find information on the most useful configuration
options. A complete list of available settings can be found in the
text file 'GLOSSARY', located in the CRUSH installation directory.

Configuration options here are listed as scripting keys i.e., without a 
preceding dash. However, you can use the same options in the command line by 
adding the dash. (Also, '=' can be replaced by a space in scripting...) 


3.1 Commands
============

There are a handful of keywords that are treated as commands by crush. (The
difference being that commands are interpreted and acted on right away, whereas 
typical configuration keys are stored settings that are interpreted later as 
necessary.) The commands are:
   

   	config=<filename>	Load the configuration file filename. 
				The file is looked for in the locations in the
				following order:

					1. ./
					
					2. ./<instrument>/

					3. ~/.crush2/

					4. ~/.crush2/<instrument>/

				Whenever a matching file is found its contents
				are parsed. Because of the ordering, it is 
				convenient to create overriding configurations.
				Thus instrument specific settings can be used 
				to override default settings, and user specific
				settings placed in '~/.crush2' can override
				shipped defaults. Whenever a configuration is
				parsed, there is a note of it on the console
				output so that one always knows which files 
				were read and in what order.
				E.g. when using
				
				   > crush laboca -faint 12066

				the following configuration files will be
				loaded in order (provided they exist):

				   default.cfg
				   laboca/default.cfg
				   ~/.crush2/default.cfg
				   ~/.crush2/laboca/default.cfg
				  
				   faint.cfg
				   laboca/faint.cfg
				   ~/.crush2/faint.cfg
				   ~/.crush2/laboca/faint.cfg
				   
				Each successively loaded file may override
				the options set before it.
				When a matching configuration file is not found
				in any of the standard locations (above), CRUSH
				will make one last attempt to interpret the
				argument as a regular pathname. This allows
				users to store and invoke configuration files
				anywhere on the filesystem.
				
	forget=<option>...	Forget the priorly set values for <option>
				as if it were never defined. E.g. 
		     		
					forget=outpath

				will unset the 'outpath' option.
				You can specify more than one options as a
				comma-separated list. E.g.
	
					forget=outpath,project
				
				With unset both the 'outpath' and 'project' 
				options.
				Additionally, the arguments 'conditions' and
				'blacklist' can be used to clear the 
				conditional or blacklisted settings 
				respectively	

	recall=<option>		Undoes 'forget', and reinstates the <option>
				to its old value.	

	remove=<option>		Similar to 'forget', but removes the entire
				branch. Thus '-remove=despike' unsets:

					despike
					despike.level
					despike.method
					despike.flagfraction
					...

	replace=<option>	Undoes the 'remove' option, reinstating the
				<option> tree to its prior state.

	blacklist=<option>...	Similar to 'forget', except it will not
				set options even if they are then specified
				at a later time. This is useful for altogether
				removing settings from the configuration.

	whitelist=<option>...	Remove <option> from the blacklist, allowing
				it to be set again if desired. Whitelisting
				an option will not reinstate it to its prior
				value. After whitelisting, you must explicitly
				set it again, or 'recall' or 'replace' it
				to its prior state.

	poll			Whenever unsure what options are set at any
	poll=<option>		given stage, you can poll the settings.
				Without an additional argument it will list
				all options to the standard output. When
				an argument is specified it will list
				all configuration settings that start with
				the specified string. E.g.

					> crush [...] -poll=iter
	
				will list all iteration based options that 
				are set including all the [...] options set
				prior to '-poll' in the command line.


	list.divisions		List all pixels divisions, which can be
				decorrelated for the instrument.

	list.response		List all response modalities for the
				instrument (to known signals, such as
				telescope movement, or temperature data).


3.2 Pipeline Configuration
==========================

  a. Source types. The default reduction (see 'default.cfg') is optimized 
     for mapping compact (up to the field-of-view or smaller) sources in the S/N
     range of ~10-1000. These options are useful if your source does not match
     these criteria.


	bright		Use for bright sources (S/N > ~1000). This setting
			entirely bypasses all filtering to produce a very
			faithful map. The drawback is more noise, but
			that should not be an issue for such a bright guy :-)
			Will invoke 'bright.cfg'.

	faint		Use with faint sources (S/N < ~30) when the
			source is faint but still visible in a single scan. 
			This setting applies some more aggressive filtering of 
			the timestreams, and extended structures. It invokes 
			'faint.cfg'.

	deep		Use for very faint sources which are not at all 
			detected in single scans, or if you think
			there is too much residual noise (baselines) in your 
			map to your liking. This setting results in the most 
			agressive filtering. Will load the configuration from
			'deep.cfg'. The output map is optimally filtered
			(smoothed) for point sources.

	extended	Try to better preserve extended structures. This
			setting can be used alone or in combination with
			the above brightness options. See also '-sourcesize=X' 
			below. With the fainter settings the recovery of 
			extended structures becomes increasingly more 
			difficult. For bright structures recovery up to FOV 
			(or beyond!) should be possible, while for faint 
			structures ~1/4 FOV - FOV scales are maximally 
			obtainable (see more on this in the section below.)
  
	source.type=<type>	By default, crush will try to make a map from
				the data. However, some istruments may take
			data that is analyzed differently. For example, you 
			may want to use crush to reduce beam maps (to
			determine the positions of your pixels on sky), or
			skydips (to derive appropriate opacities), or do
			point source photometry. Presently, the following
			source types are supported accross the board:
		
			   map 		Make a map of the source (default)

			   skydip	Reduced skydips, and determine 
					opacities by fitting a model to it.

			   beammap	Create individual maps for every
					pixel, and use it to determine their
					location in the field of view.
			
			Note, that you may also just use 'skydip' and 'beammap'
			shorthands to the same effect. E.g.

			  > crush [...] -skydip [...]

	sourcesize=X	This option can be used instead of 'extended' in 
			conjunction with 'faint' or 'deep' to specify the 
			typical size of sources (FWHM in arcsec) that are 
			expected. The reduction then allows filtering 
			structures that are much larger than the specified 
			source-size...
			If 'sourcesize' or 'extended' is not specified, then 
			point-like compact sources are assumed.	


  b. Other commonly used pipeline settings:
     (in typical order of importance to users...)


	outpath=<path>	Set the directory into which output files (e.g. maps) 
			will be written. Can use '~' for home directory and 
			environment variables in {}'s. Thus,

			   outpath=~/images

			and

			   outpath={$HOME}/images

			are equivalent

	
	rounds=N	Iterate N times. You may want to increase the number
			of default iterations either to recover more extended
			emission (e.g. when 'extended' is set), or to go
			deeper (esp. when the 'faint' or 'deep' options are
			used).


	iteration.[N]	Use as a condition to delay settings until the Nth
			iteration. E.g.

			   iteration.[3] smooth halfbeam

			or 

			   > crush [...] -iteration.[3]smooth=halfbeam [...]
			 
			to specify half-beam smoothing starting from the 3rd
			iteration.
			
	iteration.[last]    Specify settings that should be interpreted only
			    at the beginning of the last iteration.

	final:key=value	    A shorthand for the above :-).
	
	iteration.[last-N]  Activate settings N iterations before the last
			    one.

	iteration.[xx%]	    Activate settings as a percentage of the total
			    number of iterations (as set by 'rounds'). E.g.
			
				iteration.[50%] forget clip

			    can be used to disable the S/N clipping of the
			    source map half way through the reduction.

			Because of the flexible syntax, the same iteration
			can be referred to in different ways. Consider
			a reduction with 10 rounds. Then,

				iteration.[5] smooth 5.0
				iteration.[50%] smooth 10.0
				iteration.[last-5] smooth beam

			can all be used to define what happens in the 5th
			iteration. CRUSH will parse these conditionals in 
			the above order: first the explicit iteration settings
			then those relative to the reduction length, and
			finally the settings relative to the end of the
			reduction. Thus, in the above example the beam 
			smoothing will always override the other two settings.

	idle=N		Instruct crush NOT to use N number of CPUs of the 
			machine. By default crush will try to use all 
			processors in your machine for maximum performance. 
			This option allows to modify this behavior according 
			to need. Note, that at least 1 CPU will always be used 
			by crush, independent of this setting.
			The number of actual parallel threads will be the 
			smaller of the allowed number of CPUs and the number 
			of scans processed.




3.3 Source (Map) Configuration
==============================
	
	altaz		Shorthand for 'system=horizontal' to reduce in Alt/Az.
			It is also aliased to 'horizontal'.

	beammap		Reduce beam map data. Instead of making a single map
			from all pixels, separate maps are created for each
			pixel (Note, this can chew up some memory if you have
			a lot of pixels). At the end of the reduction CRUSH
			determines the actual pixel offsets in the focal plane.
			This option is equivalent to 'source.type=beammap'.
	
	beammap.writemaps	Beam maps (above) normally only produce the
				pixel position information. Use this option
			if you want CRUSH to write individual pixel maps as
			well, so you can peek at these yourself.

	grid=X		set the map pixelization to X arcsec. Pixelization
			smaller than 2/5 beam is recommended. The default is
			~1/5 beam pixelization.

	name=		Specify the output image file name, relative to the
			directory specified by 'outpath'. When not given
			minicrush will chose a file name based on the source
			name and scan number(s), which is either

				<sourcename>.<scanno>.fits

			or
	
				<sourcename>.<firstscan>-<lastscan>.fits

			For mapping. Other source model types (e.g. skydips
			or beam maps) may have different default naming 
			conventions.

	projection=	Choose a map projection to use. The following 
			projections are supported:

				SFL  --  Sanson-Flamsteed
				SIN  --  Slant Orthographic
				TAN  --  Gnomonic
				ZEA  --  Zenithal Equal Area
				SFL  --  Sanson-Flamsteed
				MER  --  Mercator
				CAR  --  Plate-Carree
				AIT  --  Hammer-Aitoff
				GLS  --  Global Sinusoidal
				STG  --  Stereographic
				ARC  --  Zenithal Equidistant

	skydip		Reduce skydip data, instead of trying to make an 
			impossibly large map out of it :-). This option is
			equivalent to specifying 'source.type=skydip'.

	smooth=X	Smooth the map by X arcsec FWHM beam. Smoothing
			helps improve visual appearance, but is also useful
			during reduction to create more redundancy in the data
			in the intermediate reduction steps. Also, smoothing
			by the beam is optimal for point source extaction from
			deep fields. Therefore, beam smoothing is default in
			with the 'deep' option (see 'deep.cfg').
			Typically you want to use some smoothing during 
			reduction, and you may want to turn it off in the 
			final map. Thus, you may have something like:

			  smooth=9.0			# 9" smoothing at first
			  iteration.[2]smooth=12.0 	# smooth more later
			  iteration.[last]forget=smooth # no smoothing at last

			Other than specifying explicit values, you can use
			the predefined values: 'minimal', 'halfbeam', '2/3beam'
			or 'beam'. See more on smoothing in the advanced
			configuration section.

	source.filter   Filter extended structures. By default the filter will
			skip over map pixels that are above the 'blanking' S/N 
			level (>6 by default). Thus any structure above this 
			significance level will remain unfiltered.
			Filtering is useful to get deeper in the map when 
			retaining the very faint extended structures is not 
			an issue. Thus filtering above 5 times the source size
			(see 'sourcesize') is default when the filter is used.
			See the advanced configuration section for further
			details on fine tuning the large-scale structure 
			filter.	

	source.fixedgains	Specifies to use the fixed source gains 
			        (e.g. from an RCP file -- see 'rcp' key).
			Normally, crush calculates source gains based on the 
			correlated noise response and the specified point
			source couplings (e.g. as derived from the two gain
			columns of RCP files.)

	system=<type>	Select the coordinate system for mapping. The default
			is 'equatorial'. Other possibilities are 'horizontal'
			'ecliptic', 'galactic' or 'supergalactic'. Each of 
			these values is additionally aliased to simple keys. 
			Thus, you may use:
			
			   > crush -galactic [...]
			   
			as a shorthand for '-system=galactic'.
			       
	unit=xxx	Set the output to units xxx. You can use either the
			instrumental units (e.g. 'V/beam' or 'counts/beam') or
			the more typical 'Jy/beam' (default), as well as their
			common multiples (e.g. 'uJy/beam', or 'nV/beam').	




3.4 Scan Configuration
======================

      Some options relate to the scans, helping to configure and handle them
      These options are specified *before* the list or range of scans to
      which they apply, and remain valid for all scans read after, or until
      an overriding option is placed. E.g.

	  ./crush -option1=x 10218-10532 12425 -option2=y 11411 \
	          -option1=z 10496

      will set option1 to 'x' for all scans but the last one, which will have
      this option set to 'z'. And the last two scans will have option2
      set to 'y'.

      A detailed listing of all scan specific options can be found in the 
      'GLOSSARY'. Here are a few of the most commonly used ones (in alphabetical
      order).


	pointing=dx,dy	  Specify incremental pointing offsets x,y in the
			  system of the telescope mount (I.e., azimuth and
			  elevation for horizontal mounts. (Note, this option
			  works like pcorr in APECS). 

	datapath=<dir>	  Start looking for raw data in directory <dir>. Some
			  instruments may also interpret it as a root directory
			  in which data may reside some specific hierarchy. E.g.
			  in <dir>/<project> for APEX bolometers. Thus, if an
			  APEX instrument defines:
				
				datapath /homes/data
				project T-79.F-0002-2007

			  then crush will try to find data first in
			  '/homes/data', then in '/homes/data/T-79.F-0002-2007'
			  This provides a convenient way for accessing
			  hierarchically stored data. See the instrument-
			  specific usage of 'datapath' in the GLOSSARY.
 
	jackknife	  Jackkniving is a useful technique to produce accurate
			  noise maps from large datasets. When the option is 
			  used the scan signals are randomly inverted, s.t. the
			  source signals in large datasets will tend to cancel 
			  out, leaving one with pure noise maps.

	project=<id>      Some instruments (e.g. APEX bolometers) may require 
			  a project ID to be set in order to locate scans by 
			  serial number. Use capitalized form when defining 
			  APEX projects. E.g.,

                              project  T-79.F-0002-2007

	read <filename>	  Read the scan data from <filename>, which can be 
			  either a fully specified path, or relative to
			  'datapath'. (On the command line it is sufficient
			  to list the filename without a preceding dash.)

	read scanNo	  Read scan number scanNo (scripting only).
			  in command line mode, ommit '-read='.

	read from-to	  Read the range of scan numbers between from and to.
	     		  (inclusive). On the command line, you can omit 
			  '-read=' and simply list the scan range.

	read X Y [...]    You can combine scan numbers and different ranges
			  in a space-spearated list...
			
	read...		  As mentioned, the 'read' keys only apply to scripts.
			  Thus, 

				read 10755-10762             # in script

			  and

				> ./crush [...] 10755-10762  # command line

			  are equvivalent.
				
	scale=X		  Scale the fluxes by X. With this option you can apply
			  calibration corrections to your data.

	scale=<filename>  Alternatively, scan specific scaling can be defined
			  by an appropriate calibration file, which among 
			  other things, contains the ISO time-stamp and	
			  the corresponding calibration values for each scan.
			  The filename may contain references to environment
			  variables enclosed in {} brackets. E.g.:

			    scale={$HOME]}/laboca/scaling.dat

	scramble	  Another technique for generating noise maps, which 
			  can be used also for small datasets, for which
			  jackknifing cannot be used. This approach scrambles
			  the pixel positions, such that the source signals
			  will be smeared out in the maps.

	tau=X		  Specify a zenith tau value to use. When not used
			  minicrush will try to interpolate from
			  <instrument>/<instrument>-taus.master.dat if possible
			  or use 0.0 as default.

	tau=<filename>	  Alternatively, tau can also specify a file-name with 
			  lookup information (usually containing tau
			  values from the radiometer or from the skydips).
			  Tau values will be interpolated for each scan,
			  as long as the scan falls inside the interpolator's
			  range. Otherwise, tau of 0.0 will be used. The 
			  filename may contain references to environmnent 
			  variables enclosed in {} brackets. E.g.:

			    tau={$HOME}/laboca/tau.dat



3.5 Instrument Configuration
============================

    There are various instrument configuration files. These reside in the
    corresponding instrument subdirectories inside the main crush directory.
    Some types of files are commonly used among many or all instruments, while 
    others may be strongly instrument specific. 

    In most cases the instrument configurations should be set correctly, and 
    you probably can leave these settings alone. However, here you will find
    some of the most common instrument configuration options that you may, at 
    times, want to adjust to your preference. 

    A more complete list of the available instrument-specific configuration
    options can be found in the GLOSSARY.


    Generic Instrument Parameters
    -----------------------------


	pixeldata=<filename>	Specifies a pixel data file, providing initial
				gains, weights and flags for the detectors,
			and possible other information as well depending on the
			specific instrument. Such files can be produced via the
			'write.pixeldata' option (in addition to which you
			may want to specify 'forget=pixeldata' s.t. flags are
			determined without prior bias).

	rcp		Specify pixel positions (and optionally point-source
			and sky-noise gains). These are standard IRAM
			or APEX RCP files containing the information in ASCII
			columns. RCP files can be produced by the 'beammap' 
			option, from scans, which move a bright point source 
			over all pixels.

	rcp.gains	Use gains from the RCP files. Otherwise gains may 
			come from the 'pixeldata' file, or assume default
			values, such as 'uniform'.

	rcp.center=x,y	Define the center RCP position at x,y in arcseconds.
			Centering takes place immediately after the parsing
			of RCP data.

	rcp.rotate=X	Rotate the RCP positions by X degrees (counter 
			clockwise). Rotations take place after centering (if
			specified).

	rcp.zoom=X	Zoom (rescale) the RCP position data by the scaling
			factor X. Rescaling takes place after the centering
			(if defined).	

	stability=X	Specify the instrument 1/f stability time-scale in
			seconds. This is used for determining optimal 1/f
			filtering of the time-streams in the reduction.




  

#####################################################################
4. Correlated Signals
#####################################################################


The removal of correlated signals, atmospheric or instrumental, is really the
heart of CRUSH. In its most generic form the decorrelation is a two-step
process: the first step finds and removes the correlated signals, assuming
some initial detector gains to it, after which the gains are estimated during 
the second step based on the individual detector responses to the bolometer
signals. (For details, see the CRUSH paper: Kovacs 2008, Proc. SPIE, 7020, 45.)
Flagging of non-responsive pixels, based on outlying gains (i.e. responses to
the correlated signals) may be part of the second step of the decorrelation.



4.1. Modes and Modalities
=========================

   For each instrument, crush defines a set of 'modalities' (i.e. a set of
   correlated modes) on which decorrelation may be performed. Each mode in a
   'modality' affects a 'group' of pixels. Thus, the collection of pixel groups
   with related modes constitutes a 'division'. For example, SHARC-2 has 12 
   detector rows (each with 32 pixels). The dividing of pixels into 12 groups,
   each representing a detector row, is a pixel 'division'. Pixels in a given 
   row respond to the same correlated 'mode', and so there are 12 row-related 
   modes, which are bunched together in a 'modality'.

   Some of the modalities (and pixel divisions) are common to all (or most)
   instruments. These are:

      <modality name>	Description
      ========================================================================
      all		All channels, regardless of their state
      connected		All channels that are connected and generate signals
      detectors		All detectors (e.g. excluding resistors etc.)
      obs-channels	All observing detectors (e.g. that see sky).
      gradients		A focal plane gradients of 'observing' detectors.
      blinds		Blind detectors (if exist)
      telescope-x	Telescope position in the 'x' direction (e.g. AZ)
      telescope-y	Telescope poistion in the 'y' direction (e.g. EL)
      accel-<dir>	Acceleration in some direction (see below).
      chopper-<dir>	Chopper motion in some direction (see below).
      ------------------------------------------------------------------------


   Above, the motion-related modalities may have the following directionalities:

       <dir>    Description
       =======================================================================
       x	Response to the 'x' coordinate of the motion.	
       y	Response to the 'y' coordinate of the motion.
       x^2	Response to the square of the 'x' coordinate.
       y^2	Response to the square of the 'x' coordinate.
       |x|	Response to the magnitude of of the 'x' coordinate.
       |y|	Response to the magnitude of of the 'y' coordinate.
       mag	Response to the magnitude of the motion.
       norm	Response to the square of the magnitude.
       -----------------------------------------------------------------------



4.2 Removing Correlated Signals
===============================

   The decorrelation step is invoked by:

       correlated.<modality-name>

   For example, a decorrelation of the signals induced by the chopper 
   displacement in x (e.g. SHARC-2) is invoked by:

       correlated.chopper-x

   (Of course, the same keyword must also appear in the pipeline 'ordering', 
   for the step to actually take place during the reduction process -- 
   otherwise crush will not know when to correlated.the chopper signals.)

   You can fine-tune how CRUSH deals with each correlated mode. For example, 
   the following lines:

       correlated.obs-channels.resolution 1.0
       correlated.obs-channels.gainrange 0.3--3.0

   Specifies that atmospheric signals, which appear in all observing channels, 
   should be correlated. only every second (vs. the default every available 
   frame), and that any channel that exhibits a response outside of 0.3--3.0 
   times the 'average' response of the array, should be flagged, and ignored 
   in the reduction afterwards.



4.3 User-defined Modalities
===========================

   In addition to the most common modalities listed above, each instruments 
   defines its specific ones (e.g. 'rows' for SHARC-2 from the example above). 
   See the README files in the instrument sub-directories of crush for a full 
   list of  predefined instrument specific modalities. You can also define your 
   own pixel groups, divisions and modalities using the 'group' and 'division' 
   keywords. Here is an example:

       group.my-group-1 10,13,20-25
       group.my-group-2 40-56,78,80-82
       division.my-division my-group-1 my-group-2

   The first two lines defines two pixel groups ('my-group-1' and 'my-group-2') 
   from pixel indexes and ranges, while the last line creates a division 
   ('my-division') from these pixel groupings. CRUSH will also create a 
   correlated modality with the same name as the division. So, given the 
   definitions above you can correlated.on 'my-division' by:

       correlated.my-division






#####################################################################
5. Examples
#####################################################################


   Reduce scans 12065-12069 and 12072 with zenith tau of 0.18:

	> crush laboca -tau=0.18 12065-12069 12072

   Reduce scans 10562 and 10645 together, with the first scan observed at a
   zenith tau of 0.21, and the second at tau of 0.35 with.

	> crush laboca -tau=0.21 10562 -tau=0.35 10645

   Say you realize that the pointing was off by -5.4" in AZ, and 2.4" in EL
   for the second scan. Then:

	> crush laboca -tau=0.21 10562 -tau=0.35 -pointing=-5.4,2.4 10645

   Say scan 10049 is a scan of a bright source (e.g. Saturn) and the default
   reduction ends up clipping much of it. Then,

	> crush laboca -bright 10049

   If the source still gets nipped from the resulting map, you can try 
   disabling pixel weigting altogether (this is the likely culprit) by:
	
	> crush laboca -bright -blacklist=weighting 10049

   Perhaps you seem to filter too much in the default reduction (negative
   dip arond your source) in scan 10550:

	> crush laboca -extended 10550.

   You can also try blanking and/or clipping at, say, 5-sigma level:

	> crush laboca -extended -blank=5.0 -clip=5.0 10550

   Try reduce some faint distant galaxy (scan 10057):

	> crush laboca -deep 10057

   Maybe your galaxy has extended structure. Then try:

	> crush laboca -deep -extended 10057.

   You can also fine-tune, what is the largest source-scale (more-or-less) 
   that you are interested in. Then the reduction will adjust its parameters
   accordingly. Say you expect your source to be a blob around 1' in diameter,
   then you can try:

	> crush laboca -deep -sourcesize=60.0 10057.

   You can also play with the blanking clipping methods above, if there is
   annoying negative dips remaining around your brighter peaks. Note, that
   you porbably want to stick with -extended, or else such dips may be the
   result of the aggressive filtering settings applied to your specific
   source size (via -size).

   As mentioned before, command-line options and scripting are equivalent
   ways of configuring the reduction. Thus, the running the script 'test.cfg':

	deep
	extended
	tau 0.18
	pointing -3.2,4.8
	read 12065-12069
	pointing 2.3,-0.5
	read 12072
	blank 10.0
	clip 3.0
	iteration.[last-1] forget clip

   via 
	> crush laboca -config=test.cfg	

   is equivalent to the command line:

	> crush laboca -deep -extended -tau=0.18 \
	  	-pointing=-3.2,4.8 12065-12069 \
		-pointing=2.3,-0.5 12072 \ 
		-blank=10.0 -clip=3.0 -iteration.[last-1]forget:clip  




#####################################################################
6. Future Developments (A Wish List...)
#####################################################################


There are a number of plans for new features in CRUSH. Some may come in the
near future, others perhaps later, depending on the resources available for
implementation. Nonetheless, the following avenues of feature enrichment are
being considered. 


6.1 Support for Heterodyne Receivers and Interferometry
=======================================================

   CRUSH was born as a bolometer array reduction package. However, there is no
   reason why many of its principles could not be applied to other types of 
   instruments (astronomical or otherwise), especially those, which are affected
   by correlated signals. Besides, CRUSH also provides powerful tools for other
   analysis steps, like weighting, despiking, spectral filtering, and mapping.

   Two obvious extensions would be heterodyne receivers (and receiver arrays) 
   and the use of CRUSH for interferometry (e.g. ALMA) since it is well-suited
   to deal with immense data volumes also.


6.2 Interactive Reductions
==========================

   At present CRUSH offers only a reduction pipeline. This is ideal for
   crunching large volumes of data in a more-or-less automated fashion, and 
   for making reduction painless. It is also ideal for most users, who might 
   not wish to learn about the intricacies of each and every reduction step. 
   However, in some cases having more control may be beneficial.

   Many astronomers are used to interactive reduction packages (e.g. GILDAS
   AIPS, BoA etc.). CRUSH should eventually offer such a capability also. This
   would allow step-by-step reductions, together with varous plotting 
   capabilities to look at data at every stage. Such a capability would be
   very useful in the process of building pipelines for new instruments

   It should be relatively simple to provide this feature. The current 
   configuration languange of CRUSH can be easily adapted for more interactive
   use. Even more detailed control may be possible though a standard scripting
   language like JavaScript or Rhino. The main job would be to supply the
   essential plotting capabilities, but that too may come sooner than later...


6.3 Distributed and GPU Computing
==================================

   The reduction paradigm of CRUSH is massively parallelizable. CRUSH can
   already make good use of any number of processing cores within a computer.
   It should be quite staighforward to extend implementation over several
   computing nodes and super-computers, allowing orders of magnitude increases
   in data reduction speeds and data volumes.

   Another way of improving speeds may come from the use of Graphical (GPU)
   Computing. Today's grahics chips provide computing power well in excess of
   that offered by the CPUs. This can be harnessed with programming tools
   like CUDA or OpenCL. GPU computing is still in its infancy, and thus
   its languange specifications are likely very fluid. But technical
   details aside, GPUs clearly offer a way for boosting the number crunching
   performace of CRUSH. 


6.4 Graphical User-Interface (GUI)
==================================

   The addition of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to CRUSH would make 
   configurations more transparent and intuitive. It would allow users, who do 
   not use CRUSH often, to avoid learning the complexities of command-line
   options and scripting support, and instead click their way through the
   essential configuration settings.

   GUIs may also aid the more expert users, in providing a way to look at 
   details, such as monitoring quantities, signals or maps during the reduction.



#####################################################################
7. Further information
#####################################################################


CRUSH-2 is the next-generation data reduction package, inheriting its DNA from
the pioneering SHARC-2 specific version (crush-1.xx) and from the APEX specific
minicrush implementation. It is a much more capable package than either of its
predecessors. However, because the output FITS images are backward compatible 
with the  older versions (for the most part), parts of the original CRUSH 
package can still be useful for manipulating images post reduction.

Mainly, the crush-1.xx distribution provides tools for coadding images 
('coadd'), image manipulation ('imagetool'), adjusting pointing in RA/DEC maps
('jiggle'), or prducing histograms of the flux (signal-to-noise) distribution 
in maps ('histogram').

Downloading the CRUSH package(s), and further information on the FITS images
is available at:

	http://www.submm.caltech.edu/~sharc/crush

I hope you'll find this helpful and may you end up with beautiful images!!!



===============================================================================
Copyright (C)2014 -- Attila Kovacs 

