
A Guide to using CRUSH-2. 
Last updated 20 May 2010 -- Attila Kovacs <kovacs[AT]astro.umn.edu>



Table of Contents
=================

1. Getting Started

  1.1 Installation
  1.2 Quick Start
  1.3 The Tools of the CRUSH Suite
  1.4 A Brief Description of What CRUSH Does and How...
  1.5 Command-line Options and Scripting Support

2. Basic Configuration

  2.1 Commands
  2.2 Pipeline Configuration
  2.3 Recovery of Extended Emission
  2.4 Source (Map) Configuration
  2.5 Scan Configuration
  2.6 Instrument Configuration

3. Correlated Signals 

  3.1 Modes and Modalities
  3.2 Removing Correlated Signals
  3.3 User-defined Modalities

4. Making Sense of the Console Output

5. Pointing Corrections

6. Reducing Very Large Datasets (to do...)

7. Examples

8. Future Developments (A Wish List...)
  8.1 Support for Heterodyne Receivers and Interferometry
  8.2 Interactive Reductions
  8.3 Distributed and GPU Computing
  8.4 Graphical User-Interface (GUI)

8. Further information







#####################################################################
1. Getting Started
#####################################################################


CRUSH-2 is a bolometer reduction and imaging package for ground-based
arrays. It is based on the development centred on SHARC-2 (crush-1.xx) as
well as a reincarnation for the APEX bolometers (minicrush). Version 2
provides, for the first time, a unified platform for reducing data from
virtually any high-background bolometer instrument. Currently, it supports 
the following instruments (in alphabetical order):

   
    ASZCA	(2mm) APEX SZ Camera, from Berkeley, CA
    	      	bolo.berkeley.edu/apexsz/instrument.html

    GISMO	(2mm) Goddard-IRAM Superconducting 2-Millimeter Observer
    		www.iram.es/IRAMES/mainWiki/
					GoddardIramSuperconductingTwoMillimeter

    LABOCA	(870um) Large APEX Bolometer Camera
    		www.apex-telescope.org/bolometer/laboca		 

    P-ArTeMiS	(200um, 350um, 450um) 3-color camera for APEX
    		www.apex-telescope.org/instruments/pi/artemis

    PolKA	(polarimetry) Polarimeter for LABOCA
    		www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/staff/gsiringo/laboca/
							laboca_polarimeter.html

    SABOCA	(350um) Submillimeter APEX Bolometer Camera
    		www.apex-telescope.org/bolometer/saboca

    SHARC-2	(350um) Submillimeter High-Angular Resolution Camera 2
    		Caltech, Pasadena, CA
    		www.submm.caltech.edu:/~sharc


Further support for instruments is possible. If interested to use CRUSH for
your bolometer array, please contact Attila Kovacs <kovacs[AT]astro.umn.edu>.

In principle, it is possible to extend CRUSH support for other types of scanning
instruments, like heterodyne receiver arrays, or single-pixel receivers that
scan in frequency space, or for the reduction of line-surveys from double
side-band (DSB) receivers. Interferometric imaging may be another area of
applicability. Such new features may appear in future releases, especially
upon specific request and/or arrangement...



1.1. Installation
=================

   Download and Unpack
   -------------------
   You can download the latest version of CRUSH from:

	http://www.submm.caltech.edu/~sharc/crush 

   The package is distributed as a gzipped tarball (or as a zip archive for
   Windows users). Unpack it in the directory, where you want the crush to 
   reside. 

   Optionally, you may want to add crush into your path for easy access, or
   else place links to the executable scripts in '/usr/local/bin' or '~/bin' 
   or equivalent.


   Note on Windows Installation
   ----------------------------
   To run under Windows, copy/move the .bat files from under the 'windows' 
   subdirectory into the main crush directory. Additionally, you may want to
   add the crush installation directory to your path (in 'autoexec.bat') to
   to run crush from outside its installation directory. In this case
   you should also set the CRUSH variable to point to the installation 
   directory (to do this add a line like:

	set CRUSH=<the-crush-directory>

   into your 'autoexec.bat'). A note of caution: while Windows is generally
   case insensitive, this is not necessarily true for Java. When defining
   paths, such as 'datapath', it is advised that drive letters appear
   capitalized, e.g. 'C:\data', as well as anything else that might warrant
   it (e.g. "My Documents").
 
 

   Java Configuration
   ------------------
   CRUSH requires Java 1.5 (also called Java 5) or newer. In all likelihood 
   you already have Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on your system,
   which should suffice. To check what version you have type:

	> java -version

   on the command line. Note, that The GNU java a.k.a gcj (default on some 
   older RedHat and Fedora systems) is unreliable, and will not run crush. 
   If you need Java, you can download the latest JRE from

	http://java.sun.com 

   After making sure that you have a usable version of Java 1.5 or newer on 
   your system, enter the crush installation directory.

   Edit the 'wrapper.sh' script (or 'wrapper.bat' in Windows), and adjust the 
   '-Xmx' option of JAVAOPTS to reflect the maximum amount of memory you will 
   allow the reduction to use. E.g. for 1GB, use:
	
	-Xmx1000M

   Note, that for 32-bit machines, the value of Xmx has to remain below 2G.
   On 64-bit machines (with the appropriate 64-bit OS and Java VM installed) 
   up to 4G or more (depending on the OS configuration) can be specified (the
   latter may require the use of the '-d64' option as well on UNIX systems). 

   You may also want to change the JAVA variable in 'wrapper.sh' (or 
   'wrapper.bat') to point to the version of java that you intend to use when 
   this is not the default one. (E.g. '/usr/java/latest/bin' for the latest 
   Java from SUN). 


   CRUSH Configuration
   -------------------
   The preferred way of creating user-specific configurations for CRUSH is to
   place your personalized configuration files inside a '.crush2' configuration
   directory within your home. This way, your personalized configurations 
   will survive future updates to CRUSH.

   You can create/edit your default configuration by editing 'default.cfg'
   (either in the installation folder or '~/.crush2', or in the appropriate
   instrument subdirectory within.). 
   An example set of typical user-specific entries are shown below:
	
	datapath ~/data
	outpath ~/images
	project T-79.F-0002-2006

   This tells crush to look for raw data files in '~/data', write all output
   to '~/images', and specifies the project to be 'T-79.F-0002-2006' 
   (used for APEX data only). The tilde characte '~' can be used as a
   shorthand for the home directory (similarly to UNIX).

   Of course, you can create any number of configurations, name them as you 
   like place them where you like (practical if you have many data locations, 
   projects etc.). You can easily invoke configuration files as needed via

	> crush [...] -config=<myconfig> [...]



1.2. Quick Start
================


   To reduce data, simply specify the instrument (E.g. 'sharc2', 'laboca'...) 
   and the scan numbers (or names of the scan files or directories) to crush. 
   (You may have to add './' before 'crush' if the current directory '.' is 
   not in your path.) E.g.,

	> crush laboca 10059

   will reduce LABOCA scan 10059 with the default reduction parameters. You can
   specify additional options. Some of these apply to the reduction as a whole
   while others will affect the scan processing for those scan numbers that are
   listed *after* the option flag. 

   If you are new to CRUSH (or used version 1.xx before), you should be able
   to start working with it by the time you get to the end of this page.
   Nevertheless, I recommend that you read on through the entire Sections 
   1--2 (Getting Started & Basic Configuration), and you will become a  
   truly well-versed user. :-)

   Once you get the hang of it, and feel like you need more tweaking ability,
   feel free to read on yet further to see what other fine tuning capabilities
   exist...

   Here are some quick tips:

 	* Reduce as many scans together as you can. E.g.
		
	  > crush laboca 10657-10663 10781 11233-11235 [...]

 	* You can specify opacities, pointings, scaling etc, for each
	  of the set of scans listed (See section for Scan-specific options). 
	  E.g.,

	  > crush laboca -tau=0.32 10657-10663 10781 -tau=0.18 11233 [...]

	  will use a zenith tau value of 0.32 for 10657-10663 and 10781, and
	  0.18 for the last scan (11233).

	* If you suspect that you are missing extended structure (see section
	  on the Recovery of Extended Structures), then you can specify the
	  'extended' option, which will better preserve large scale structures
	  albeit at the price of more noise. E.g.

	  > crush laboca -extended 10657-10663

	* If your source is faint (meaning S/N < 10 in a single scan), then
	  you may try using the 'faint' option. E.g.

	  > crush laboca -faint 10657-10663

	  or,	  
	 
	  > crush laboca -faint -extended 10657-10663

	  to also try preserve extended structures (see above).

	* For finer control of how much large scale structures are retained
	  you can use the 'sourcesize' option, providing a typical source 
	  scale (in arcsecs) that you'd like to see preserved. Then CRUSH will
	  optimize its settings to do the best it can to get clean maps while 
	  keeping structures up to the specified scales more or less intact. 
	  E.g.

	  > crush [...] -sourcesize=45.0 10657-10663
  
	  Will optimize reduction for <~ 45 arcsec sources.

	* Finally, if your sources are not only faint, but also point-like, 
	  you should try the 'deep' option. This will use the most aggressive
	  filtering to yield the cleanest looking maps possible.
	  E.g.,

	  > crush laboca -deep 10657-10663


   With just these few tips you should be able to achieve a decent job in
   getting the results you seek. There are a lot more fine-tuning possibilities
   for the more adventurous. If interested, you can find documentation 
   further below, as well as in the README files inside the instrument 
   sub-directories. For a complete list of crush options, please refer to the
   GLOSSARY.



1.3. The Tools of the CRUSH Suite
=================================

CRUSH provides a collection of useful tools. Here's a short description
of what is there and what they are used for. Each tool, when run without
options (or with the -help option) will provide you a list of available
options on the console.

  coadd		Add FITS images together. Use as a last resort tool as it is
		always better to reduced scans together.

  show		A simple display program for the FITS files, with various
		useful functions for simple analysis and image manipulation
		After starting press 'h' for help.

  imagetool	A tool for manipulating images. Can also deal with images
		produced by BoA (and to some degree other images also).

  calibrate	A tool for deriving calibration information into an ascii 
		file.

  histogram	Provide a histogram of signal-to-noise distribution of
		an image.

  jiggle	Align multiple images w.r.t. one-another.

  detect	A source extraction tool for maps. You should make
		sure that the noise is close enuogh to Gaussian (e.g. with
		'histogram') before relying on this. 

  difference	Allows to look at the difference between two supplied
		images.

  esorename	Rename ESO archive files to their original names.



1.4. A Brief Description of What CRUSH Does and How...
======================================================

   CRUSH is a pipeline reduction that is principally meant to remove
   correlated signals (correlated noise) in the time-streams to arrive
   at clean & independent bolometer signals, which are then used to make
   a source model (map).

   As such it is not an interactive reduction software (e.g. as opposed to 
   e.g. BoA). The term 'scripting' in CRUSH mainly means defining configuration 
   options (in the command line or through configuration files) which are 
   parsed in the order they are read.

   During the reduction CRUSH aims to arrive at a consistent set of
   solutions for various correlated signals, the corresponding gains and
   the pixel weights, as well as tries to identify and flag problematic data.

   This means a series of reduction steps, which are iterated a few times
   until the required self-consistent solutions are arrived at. 
   
   To learn more about the details please refer to Kovacs, A., "CRUSH: 
   fast and scalable data reduction for imaging arrays," Proc. SPIE 7020, 45, 
   (2008). If that does not satisfy your curiousity, then you can find yet
   more explanation in Kovacs, A., PhD thesis, Caltech (2006).



1.5. Command-line Options and Scripting Support
===============================================


   Basic Rules
   -----------
   Configuration of CRUSH is available either through command line 
   options or via scripting. You have seen scripting already in the form
   of 'default.cfg', which stores the default configuration values (Sec. 1.1). 

   Both command-line options and scripting are organized in key/value pairs. 
   The main difference is that the command-line (bash is assumed in UNIX
   platforms!) imposes restrictions on syntax. E.g., no white spaces, or 
   brackets are allowed (unless you place these in quotes). Thus, keys and 
   values may be separated either by '=', ':' or empty spaces (or even a 
   combination of these). 
 
   Command line options start with a dash '-' in front. Thus is, what may look
   like:
	
	key1 value1
	key2 value2, value3

    in a configuration script, will end up as

	> crush [...] -key1=value1 -key2=value2,value3 [...] 

    on the command line. Otherwise, they two ways of configuring are generally 
    equivalent to one-another. One exception to this rule is reading scans,
    which is done via the 'read' key in a script, but on command line you can
    simply list the scan number (or ranges or lists or names). I.e., 

	[...]
	read 10056			# in script

	> crush [...] 10056		# on the command line.

    In the next section you'll find a description of the scripting keywords.
    Now that you know how to use them also as command line options, you
    can choose scripting or command-line, or mix-and-match them to your
    liking and convenience...
 
    Key/value pairs are parsed in the order they are specified. Thus, each
    specification may override previously defined values. 

    Lines that start with '#' designate comments that are ignored by the 
    parser.
   
 
    Unsetting and Resetting Options
    -------------------------------
    Additionally, there are a few special keys (or rather commands that have
    the same syntax as keys), that are used to unset/reset options. 
    The command 'forget' can be used to unset keys. Forgotten options can be 
    reinstated to their prior values via the 'recall' command. E.g.:

	forget tau,smooth

    Will unset the tau value and disable despiking. To later specify a new tau
    and to reenable despiking with its previous setting, you may (say on the
    command line this time):

	> crush [...] -tau=0.30 -recall=smooth

    As you can see, forgotten keys may be reconfigured at any time. There is
    also a way to permanently remove a configuration key via the 'blacklist'
    command. It works just like 'forget' except that all blacklisted keys will
    be ignored until these are 'whitelist'-ed. Note, that 'whitelist' only
    removes keys from the blacklist, but does NOT reinstate them -- this you 
    have to do explicitly afterwards either using 'recall' or by specifying a
    new value).

	blacklist smooth		
	smooth=8.0		# Has no effect, because smooth is blacklisted!
	[...]
	whitelist smooth	# Allows smooth to be set again...
	smooth=6.5		# Sets the smoothing to 6.5"
	


    Branched Configuration
    ----------------------
    Options may also have branches, helping to group related keys together in a 
    hierarchy. Branches are separated by periods, e.g.

	despike
	despike.level 6.0
	despike.method absolute

    defines a despiking at 6-sigma, while the 'method' subkey selects the
    despiking method used. 

    It is possible to unset/reset entire branches with the commands 'remove' 
    and 'restore', much the same way as 'forget' and 'recall' operate on 
    individual settings. Thus, 

	> crush [...] -remove=despike [...]

    unsets both 'despike', 'despike.level' and 'despike.method' and all other 
    existing branches of 'despike'. Similarly, 'restore' reinstates the full 
    brach to its original state. 



    Conditionals
    ------------
    CRUSH also provides the capability for conditional configuration.
    Conditions are formally housed in square brackets. The syntax is:

	[condition] key=value

    The basic condition is the existence of an option key. For example,

	[extended] forget decorrelate.gradients	

    will disable the decorrelation of gradient sky-noise if or when the 
    'extended' key is defined, e.g. by
	
	> crush [...] -extended [...]

    Note, that if 'extended' is later unset (e.g. via 'forget', 'remove' or 
    'blacklist') from the configuration it will not undo settings that were
    conditionally activated when 'extended' was defined.

    You can also make settings activate conditioned on another key having been
    set to a given value. The syntax for that is:

  	[key1?value1] key2=value2

    The above statement specifies that if key1 is set to value1, then key2 
    will be set to value2. (Again, the '=' is optional...) 

    Other conditions are interpreted by CRUSH, such settings based on 
    date (or MJD) or serial number, such as:

	mjd.[54555-54869] rcp {$CRUSH}/laboca/laboca-3.rcp

    which loads the pixel positions (RCP) 'laboca-3.rcp' inside the 'laboca'
    subfolder in the crush installation for scans taken in the MJD range
    54555 to 54869. Similarly,

	date.[2007.02.28-2009.10.13] instrument.gain -1250.0
    
    or

	serial.[14203-15652] flag 112-154,173

    are examples of setting activated based on dates or scan serial numbers.

    These examples also demonstrates that conditionals can be branched just 
    like options. (In the above cases, the conditions effectively reside in the
    'mjd', 'date' or 'serial' branches). Other commonly used conditionals of 
    this type are iteration based settings:

	> crush [...] -iteration.[last-1]whiten=2.0 [...]

    will activate the noise whitening in the iteration before the last one.

    The use of branched conditions can be tricky. For interpreted conditions
    a key (e.g. 'iteration', 'mjd', 'serial' or 'date') defines the rule by
    which the condition is interpreted. As such the square brackets should
    always follow afterwards.

    For simple conditions, which are based on the existence of configuration
    keys, the placement of brackets matters for how the conditional statement
    is interpreted. E.g., the condition:

    	  [key.subkey] option=value

    is not equivalent to

       	  key.[subkey] option=value

    The second line assumes that 'option' is also a branch of 'key', so it 
    actually sets the 'key.option' conditional on 'key.subkey'. In other words
    the following would be truly equivalent statements:

    	  key.[subkey] option=value
    	  =
	  [key.subkey] key.option=value

    Here is an example to illustrate the difference with actual settings:

    	  [source.model] blacklist clip

    blacklists 'clip' whenever a source model is defined (via 'source.model').
    On the other hand,

       	  source.[model] nefd 0.1--1.0

    can be used to adjust 'source.nefd' when 'source.model' is defined.

 
    Aliases
    -------
    CRUSH allows you to create your own shorthands for convenience, using the 
    alias key. Some shorthands are predefined for convenience. For example,
    one may prefer to simply type 'array' instead of 'correlated.obs-channels'
    (referring to the common mode signals seen by the group of observing 
    channels). This shorthand is set (in 'default.cfg') by the statement:

	alias.array correlated.obs-channels

    Thus, the option:

	array.resolution=1.0

    is resolved by CRUSH into

	correlated.obs-channels.resolution=1.0

    Aliases, are literal substitutions. Therefore, they can also be used
    to shorthand full (or partial) statements. In this way 'altaz' is
    is defined to be a shorthand for 'system = horizontal'. You can find this 
    definition (in 'default.cfg') as:

	alias.altaz system horizontal

    Finally, conditions can be also aliased. An example of this is the
    preconfigured alias (also in 'default.cfg') 'final', which is defined as

	alias.final iteration.[last]

    Thus the the command line option '-final:smooth=beam' is equivalent
    to the typing '-iteration.[last]smooth=beam'. (The ':' serves as a way
    for separating conditions from the setting on the command line, where
    spaces aren't allowed unless placed in a literal quote.)


    Path Names
    ----------
    Path names generally follow the rules of your OS. However, in order to
    enable platform independent configuration files, the UNIX-like '/' is
    always permitted (and is generally preferred) as a path separator. As a
    result, you should avoid using path names that contain '/' characters 
    (even in quoted or escaped forms!) other than those separating directories.

    Additionally, crush allows the use of environment variables in
    path specifications. These variables should appear in curly brackets
    with a $-sign, e.g. as {$HOME} (for UNIX home directories) or {$HOMEPATH}
    (for a user's home under Windows). The '~' is also understood to mean 
    your home folder.
	
    Thus, in UNIX systems (including MacOS), you may use:

	datapath={$HOME}/mydata			# environment variables
	datapath=~/mydata			# the '~' shorthand
	datapath=/mnt/data/2010			# Fully qualified path names

    while in Windows any of the following are acceptable:

	datapath="~\My Data"			# Using the '~' shorthand
	datapath="{$HOMEPATH}\My Data"		# Using environment variables
	datapath=D:/data/Sharc2/2010		# UNIX-style paths
	datapath=D:\data\Sharc2\2010		# proper Windows paths

    are acceptable.


    Wildcards
    ---------
    Thanks to the branching of configuration keys, wildcards '*' can be used to
    configure all branches of a key at once. E.g.:

    	correlated.*.resolution=1.0

    Will set the 'resolution' for every currently defined 'correlated' modality.
    Thus is you had the common 'obs-channels' and 'gradients' modes defined
    as well as an instrument mode, say 'cables', then the above is equivalent to:

        correlated.obs-channels.resolution 1.0
	correlated.gradients.resolution 1.0
	correlated.cables.resolution 1.0

    Additionally, wildcards can be used with the 'forget', 'blacklist' or
    'remove'. E.g.:

    	forget despike.*
 
    clears all sub-settings of 'despike' (while keeping despiking enabled, if
    it already was).


    Startup Configuration
    ---------------------
    At launch, crush will parse 'default.cfg' to establish a default 
    configuration set. All configurations files are first parsed from the 
    files in the crush directory, then additional options or overriders 
    are read also from the appropriate instrument subdirectories, if exist.
 
    After that, crush will check if these configuration files also exists 
    under the inside the '~/.crush2' directory of the user. If so, they will be
    used to override again. See more on this in the next section under the
    'config' option. In this way, the '~/.crush' directory can be used as
    a convenient way to create user specific setting and/or overrides to
    global defaults.







#####################################################################
2. Basic Configuration
#####################################################################


In this section, you can find information on the most useful configuration
options. A complete list of available settings can be found in the
text file 'GLOSSARY', located in the CRUSH installation directory.

Configuration options here are listed as scripting keys i.e., without a 
preceding dash. However, you can use the same options in the command line by 
adding the dash. (Also, '=' can be replaced by a space in scripting...) 


2.1. Commands
=============

There are a handful of keywords that are treated as commands by crush. (The
difference being that commands are interpreted and acted on right away, whereas 
typical configuration keys are stored settings that are interpreted later as 
necessary.) The commands are:
   

   	config=<filename>	Load the configuration file filename. 
				The file is looked for in the locations in the
				following order:

					1. ./
					
					2. ./<instrument>/

					3. ~/.crush2/

					4. ~/.crush2/<instrument>/

				Whenever a matching file is found its contents
				are parsed. Because of the ordering, it is 
				convenient to create overriding configurations.
				Thus instrument specific settings can be used 
				to override default settings, and user specific
				settings placed in '~/.crush2' can override
				shipped defaults. Whenever a configuration is
				parsed, there is a note of it on the console
				output so that one always knows which files 
				were read and in what order.
				E.g. when using
				
				   > crush laboca -faint 12066

				the following configuration files will be
				loaded in order (provided they exist):

				   default.cfg
				   laboca/default.cfg
				   ~/.crush2/default.cfg
				   ~/.crush2/laboca/default.cfg
				  
				   faint.cfg
				   laboca/faint.cfg
				   ~/.crush2/faint.cfg
				   ~/.crush2/laboca/faint.cfg
				   
				Each successively loaded file may override
				the options set before it.


	forget=<option>...	Forget the priorly set values for <option>
				as if it were never defined. E.g. 
		     		
					forget=outpath

				will unset the 'outpath' option.
				You can specify more than one options as a
				comma-separated list. E.g.
	
					forget=outpath,project
				
				With unset both the 'outpath' and 'project' 
				options.	

	recall=<option>		Undoes 'forget', and reinstates the <option>
				to its old value.	

	remove=<option>		Similar to 'forget', but removes the entire
				branch. Thus '-remove=despike' unsets:

					despike
					despike.level
					despike.method
					despike.flagfraction
					...

	replace=<option>	Undoes the 'remove' option, reinstating the
				<option> tree to its prior state.

	blacklist=<option>...	Similar to 'forget', except it will not
				set options even if they are then specified
				at a later time. This is useful for altogether
				removing settings from the configuration.

	whitelist=<option>...	Remove <option> from the blacklist, allowing
				it to be set again if desired. Whitelisting
				an option will not reinstate it to its prior
				value. After whitelisting, you must explicitly
				set it again, or 'recall' or 'replace' it
				to its prior state.

	poll			Whenever unsure what options are set at any
	poll=<option>		given stage, you can poll the settings.
				Without an additional argument it will list
				all options to the standard output. When
				an argument is specified it will list
				all configuration settings that start with
				the specified string. E.g.

					> crush [...] -poll=iter
	
				will list all iteration based options that 
				are set including all the [...] options set
				prior to '-poll' in the command line.





2.2. Pipeline Configuration
===========================

  a. Source types. The default reduction (see 'default.cfg') is optimized 
     for mapping compact (up to the field-of-view or smaller) sources in the S/N
     range of ~10-1000. These options are useful if your source does not match
     these criteria.


	bright		Use for bright sources (S/N > ~1000). This setting
			entirely bypasses all filtering to produce a very
			faithful map. The drawback is more noise, but
			that should not be an issue for such a bright guy :-)
			Will invoke 'bright.cfg'.

	faint		Use with faint sources (S/N < ~30) when the
			source is faint but still visible in a single scan. 
			This setting applies some more aggressive filtering of 
			the timestreams, and extended structures. It invokes 
			'faint.cfg'.

	deep		Use for very faint sources which are not at all 
			detected in single scans, or if you think
			there is too much residual noise (baselines) in your 
			map to your liking. This setting results in the most 
			agressive filtering. Will load the configuration from
			'deep.cfg'. The output map is optimally filtered
			(smoothed) for point sources.

	extended	Try to better preserve extended structures. This
			setting can be used alone or in combination with
			the above brightness options. See also '-sourcesize=X' 
			below. With the fainter settings the recovery of 
			extended structures becomes increasingly more 
			difficult. For bright structures recovery up to FOV 
			(or beyond!) should be possible, while for faint 
			structures ~1/4 FOV - FOV scales are maximally 
			obtainable (see more on this in the section below.)
  
	source.type=<type>	By default, crush will try to make a map from
				the data. However, some istruments may take
			data that is analyzed differently. For example, you 
			may want to use crush to reduce beam maps (to
			determine the positions of your pixels on sky), or
			skydips (to derive appropriate opacities), or do
			point source photometry. Presently, the following
			source types are supported accross the board:
		
			   map 		Make a map of the source (default)

			   skydip	Reduced skydips, and determine 
					opacities by fitting a model to it.

			   beammap	Create individual maps for every
					pixel, and use it to determine their
					location in the field of view.
			
			Note, that you may also just use 'skydip' and 'beammap'
			shorthands to the same effect. E.g.

			  > crush [...] -skydip [...]

	sourcesize=X	This option can be used instead of 'extended' in 
			conjunction with 'faint' or 'deep' to specify the 
			typical size of sources (FWHM in arcsec) that are 
			expected. The reduction then allows filtering 
			structures that are much larger than the specified 
			source-size...
			If 'sourcesize' or 'extended' is not specified, then 
			point-like compact sources are assumed.	


  b. Other commonly used pipeline settings:
     (in typical order of importance to users...)


	outpath=<path>	Set the directory into which output files (e.g. maps) 
			will be written. Can use '~' for home directory and 
			environment variables in {}'s. Thus,

			   outpath=~/images

			and

			   outpath={$HOME}/images

			are equivalent

	
	rounds=N	Iterate N times. You may want to increase the number
			of default iterations either to recover more extended
			emission (e.g. when 'extended' is set), or to go
			deeper (esp. when the 'faint' or 'deep' options are
			used).


	iteration.[N]	Use as a condition to delay settings until the Nth
			iteration. E.g.

			   iteration.[3] smooth halfbeam

			or 

			   > crush [...] -iteration.[3]smooth=halfbeam [...]
			 
			to specify half-beam smoothing starting from the 3rd
			iteration.
			
	iteration.[last]    Specify settings that should be interpreted only
			    at the beginning of the last iteration.

	final:key=value	    A shorthand for the above :-).
	
	iteration.[last-N]  Activate settings N iterations before the last
			    one.

	iteration.[xx%]	    Activate settings as a percentage of the total
			    number of iterations (as set by 'rounds'). E.g.
			
				iteration.[50%] forget clip

			    can be used to disable the S/N clipping of the
			    source map half way through the reduction.

			Because of the flexible syntax, the same iteration
			can be referred to in different ways. Consider
			a reduction with 10 rounds. Then,

				iteration.[5] smooth 5.0
				iteration.[50%] smooth 10.0
				iteration.[last-5] smooth beam

			can all be used to define what happens in the 5th
			iteration. CRUSH will parse these conditionals in 
			the above order: first the explicit iteration settings
			then those relative to the reduction length, and
			finally the settings relative to the end of the
			reduction. Thus, in the above example the beam 
			smoothing will always override the other two settings.

	reservecpus=N	Instruct crush NOT to use N number of CPUs of the 
			machine. By default crush will try to use all 
			processors in your machine for maximum performance. 
			This option allows to modify this behavior according 
			to need. Note, that at least 1 CPU will always be used 
			by crush, independent of this setting.
			The number of actual parallel threads will be the 
			smaller of the allowed number of CPUs and the number 
			of scans processed.


2.3 Recovery of Extended Emission
=================================

	As a general rule, ground based instruments (in the mm and submm)
	are only sensitive to structures smaller than the Field-of-View (FoV)
	of the instrument. All scales larger than the FoV will be strongly
	degenerate with the bright correlated atmosphere (a.k.a. sky noise),
	and will be very difficult, if not outright impossible, to measure 
        accurately. In a sense, this is analogous to the limitations of 
	interferometric imaging, or the diffraction-limited resolution
	of finite apertures. 

	However, there is a some room for pushing this limit, just like it is 
	possible to obtain some limited amount of super-resolution (beyond the 
	diffraction limit) using deconvolution. The limits to recovery of 
	scales over the FoV is similar to those of obtaining super-resolution 
	beyond the diffraction limit:

		1. Yield imperfect answers, because the relevant spatial 
		   scales are poorly measured in the first place.

		2. Only feasible for high signal-to-noise structures.

		3. At best can go beyond by a factor of a few beyond
		   the fundamental limit.

	You can usually choose to recover more extended emission if you
	are willing to put up with more noise on those larger scales. This 
	trade-off works backwards too -- i.e., you can get cleaner maps if
	you are willing to filter them more.

	As a general principle, structures that are bright (>> 5-sigma) can
	be fully recovered to up to a few times the field-of-view (FOV) of the
	bolometer array. However, the fainter the structure, the more it will
	be affected by filtering.

	Generally, the fainter the reduction mode, the more filtering of faint
	structures results, and the more limited the possibility of
	recovering extended structures becomes. The table below is a rough
	guide of what maximum scales you may expect for such faint feaures,
	and also, how noise is expected to increase on the large scales as
	these are added in 'extended' mode:


	 Table 1. Maximum faint structure scales for average S/N < 5


		     |	  (compact)	extended      Noise power
		     |	  (DEFAULT)		      with size l
	===========================================================
	bright	     |	
	(DEFAULT)    |	   FOV/2	 ~FOV		 ~l^2
                     |
		     |	2*sourceSize	 		  
	faint, deep  |	     or		 FOV/2		  ~l
		     |	   2*beam
	-----------------------------------------------------------


	Iterating longer, will generally help recover more of the not-too- 
	faint large-scale emission (along with the large-scale noise!). Thus,

		> crush -extended -rounds=50 [...] 

	will generally recover more extended emission than just the default

		> crush -extended [...]

	(which iterates 10 times). In general, you may expect to recover
	significant (>5 sigma) emission up to scales L as:

		L ~= FoV + sqrt(N v T)

	in terms the number of iteration N, limiting Field-of-View (FoV),
	scanning velocity v and correlated noise stability time-scale T. 
	Unfortunately, the correlated noise stability of most ground-based 
	instruments is on the order of a second or less due to a highly 
	variable atmosphere. At the same time, the noise rms on the large 
	scales will increase assymptotically as:

		rms ~ sqrt(N)

	for large numbers of iterations.




2.4. Source (Map) Configuration
===============================
	
	altaz		Shorthand for 'system=horizontal' to reduce in Alt/Az.
			It is also aliased to 'horizontal'.

	beammap		Reduce beam map data. Instead of making a single map
			from all pixels, separate maps are created for each
			pixel (Note, this can chew up some memory if you have
			a lot of pixels). At the end of the reduction CRUSH
			determines the actual pixel offsets in the focal plane.
			This option is equivalent to 'source.type=beammap'.
	
	beammap.writemaps	Beam maps (above) normally only produce the
				pixel position information. Use this option
			if you want CRUSH to write individual pixel maps as
			well, so you can peek at these yourself.

	grid=X		set the map pixelization to X arcsec. Pixelization
			smaller than 2/5 beam is recommended. The default is
			~1/5 beam pixelization.

	name=		Specify the output image file name, relative to the
			directory specified by 'outpath'. When not given
			minicrush will chose a file name based on the source
			name and scan number(s), which is either

				<sourcename>.<scanno>.fits

			or
	
				<sourcename>.<firstscan>-<lastscan>.fits

			For mapping. Other source model types (e.g. skydips
			or beam maps) may have different default naming 
			conventions.

	projection=	Choose a map projection to use. The following 
			projections are supported:

				SIN  --  Slant Orthographic
				TAN  --  Gnomonic
				ZEA  --  Zenithal Equal Area
				SFL  --  Sanson-Flamsteed
				MER  --  Mercator
				CAR  --  Plate-Carree
				AIT  --  Hammer-Aitoff
				GLS  --  Radio (aka Global Sinusoidal)

	skydip		Reduce skydip data, instead of trying to make an 
			impossibly large map out of it :-). This option is
			equivalent to specifying 'source.type=skydip'.

	smooth=X	Smooth the map by X arcsec FWHM beam. Smoothing
			helps improve visual appearance, but is also useful
			during reduction to create more redundancy in the data
			in the intermediate reduction steps. Also, smoothing
			by the beam is optimal for point source extaction from
			deep fields. Therefore, beam smoothing is default in
			with the 'deep' option (see 'deep.cfg').
			Typically you want to use some smoothing during 
			reduction, and you may want to turn it off in the 
			final map. Thus, you may have something like:

			  smooth=9.0			# 9" smoothing at first
			  iteration.[2]smooth=12.0 	# smooth more later
			  iteration.[last]forget=smooth # no smoothing at last

			Other than specifying explicit values, you can use
			the predefined values: 'minimal', 'halfbeam', '2/3beam'
			or 'beam'. See more on smoothing in the advanced
			configuration section.

	source.filter   Filter extended structures. By default the filter will
			skip over map pixels that are above the 'blanking' S/N 
			level (>6 by default). Thus any structure above this 
			significance level will remain unfiltered.
			Filtering is useful to get deeper in the map when 
			retaining the very faint extended structures is not 
			an issue. Thus filtering above 5 times the source size
			(see 'sourcesize') is default when the filter is used.
			See the advanced configuration section for further
			details on fine tuning the large-scale structure 
			filter.	

	source.fixedgains	Specifies to use the fixed source gains 
			        (e.g. from an RCP file -- see 'rcp' key).
			Normally, crush calculates source gains based on the 
			correlated noise response and the specified point
			source couplings (e.g. as derived from the two gain
			columns of RCP files.)

	system=<type>	Select the coordinate system for mapping. The default
			is 'equatorial'. Other possibilities are 'horizontal'
			'ecliptic', 'galactic' or 'supergalactic'. Each of 
			these values is additionally aliased to simple keys. 
			Thus, you may use:
			
			   > crush -galactic [...]
			   
			as a shorthand for '-system=galactic'.
			       
	unit=xxx	Set the output to units xxx. You can use either the
			instrumental units (e.g. 'V/beam' or 'counts/beam') or
			the more typical 'Jy/beam' (default), as well as their
			common multiples (e.g. 'uJy/beam', or 'nV/beam').	




2.5. Scan Configuration
=======================


      Some options relate to the scans, helping to configure and handle them
      These options are specified *before* the list or range of scans to
      which they apply, and remain valid for all scans read after, or until
      an overriding option is placed. E.g.

	  ./crush -option1=x 10218-10532 12425 -option2=y 11411 \
	          -option1=z 10496

      will set option1 to 'x' for all scans but the last one, which will have
      this option set to 'z'. And the last two scans will have option2
      set to 'y'.

      A detailed listing of all scan specific options can be found in the 
      'GLOSSARY'. Here are a few of the most commonly used ones (in alphabetical
      order).


	center=dAZ,dEL	  Center the map at dAZ,dEL (like pcorr in APECS). 

	datapath=<dir>	  Start looking for raw data in directory <dir>. Some
			  instruments may also interpret it as a root directory
			  in which data may reside some specific hierarchy. E.g.
			  in <dir>/<project> for APEX bolometers. Thus, if an
			  APEX instrument defines:
				
				datapath /homes/data
				project T-79.F-0002-2007

			  then crush will try to find data first in
			  '/homes/data', then in '/homes/data/T-79.F-0002-2007'
			  This provides a convenient way for accessing
			  hierarchically stored data. See the instrument-
			  specific usage of 'datapath' in the GLOSSARY.
 
	jackknife	  Jackkniving is a useful technique to produce accurate
			  noise maps from large datasets. When the option is 
			  used the scan signals are randomly inverted, s.t. the
			  source signals in large datasets will tend to cancel 
			  out, leaving one with pure noise maps.

	project=<id>      Some instruments (e.g. APEX bolometers) may require 
			  a project ID to be set in order to locate scans by 
			  serial number. Use capitalized form when defining 
			  APEX projects. E.g.,

                              project  T-79.F-0002-2007

	read <filename>	  Read the scan data from <filename>, which can be 
			  either a fully specified path, or relative to
			  'datapath'. (On the command line it is sufficient
			  to list the filename without a preceding dash.)

	read scanNo	  Read scan number scanNo (scripting only).
			  in command line mode, ommit '-read='.

	read from-to	  Read the range of scan numbers between from and to.
	     		  (inclusive). On the command line, you can omit 
			  '-read=' and simply list the scan range.

	read X Y [...]    You can combine scan numbers and different ranges
			  in a space-spearated list...
			
	read...		  As mentioned, the 'read' keys only apply to scripts.
			  Thus, 

				read 10755-10762             # in script

			  and

				> ./crush [...] 10755-10762  # command line

			  are equvivalent.
				
	scale=X		  Scale the fluxes by X. With this option you can apply
			  calibration corrections to your data.

	scale=<filename>  Alternatively, scan specific scaling can be defined
			  by an appropriate calibration file, which among 
			  other things, contains the ISO time-stamp and	
			  the corresponding calibration values for each scan.
			  The filename may contain references to environment
			  variables enclosed in {} brackets. E.g.:

			    scale={$HOME]}/laboca/scaling.dat

	scramble	  Another technique for generating noise maps, which 
			  can be used also for small datasets, for which
			  jackknifing cannot be used. This approach scrambles
			  the pixel positions, such that the source signals
			  will be smeared out in the maps.

	tau=X		  Specify a zenith tau value to use. When not used
			  minicrush will try to interpolate from
			  <instrument>/<instrument>-taus.master.dat if possible
			  or use 0.0 as default.

	tau=<filename>	  Alternatively, tau can also specify a file-name with 
			  lookup information (usually containing tau
			  values from the radiometer or from the skydips).
			  Tau values will be interpolated for each scan,
			  as long as the scan falls inside the interpolator's
			  range. Otherwise, tau of 0.0 will be used. The 
			  filename may contain references to environmnent 
			  variables enclosed in {} brackets. E.g.:

			    tau={$HOME}/laboca/tau.dat



2.6. Instrument Configuration
=============================

    There are various instrument configuration files. These reside in the
    corresponding instrument subdirectories inside the main crush directory.
    Some types of files are commonly used among many or all instruments, while 
    others may be strongly instrument specific. 

    In most cases the instrument configurations should be set correctly, and 
    you probably can leave these settings alone. However, here you will find
    some of the most common instrument configuration options that you may, at 
    times, want to adjust to your preference. 

    A more complete list of the available instrument-specific configuration
    options can be found in the GLOSSARY.


    Generic Instrument Parameters
    -----------------------------


	pixeldata=<filename>	Specifies a pixel data file, providing initial
				gains, weights and flags for the detectors,
			and possible other information as well depending on the
			specific instrument. Such files can be produced via the
			'write.pixeldata' option (in addition to which you
			may want to specify 'forget=pixeldata' s.t. flags are
			determined without prior bias).

	rcp		Specify pixel positions (and optionally point-source
			and sky-noise gains). These are standard IRAM
			or APEX RCP files containing the information in ASCII
			columns. RCP files can be produced by the 'beammap' 
			option, from scans, which move a bright point source 
			over all pixels.

	rcp.gains	Use gains from the RCP files. Otherwise gains may 
			come from the 'pixeldata' file, or assume default
			values, such as 'uniform'.

	rcp.center=x,y	Define the center RCP position at x,y in arcseconds.
			Centering takes place immediately after the parsing
			of RCP data.

	rcp.rotate=X	Rotate the RCP positions by X degrees (counter 
			clockwise). Rotations take place after centering (if
			specified).

	rcp.zoom=X	Zoom (rescale) the RCP position data by the scaling
			factor X. Rescaling takes place after the centering
			(if defined).	

	stability=X	Specify the instrument 1/f stability time-scale in
			seconds. This is used for determining optimal 1/f
			filtering of the time-streams in the reduction.




  

#####################################################################
3. Correlated Signals
#####################################################################


The removal of correlated signals, atmospheric or instrumental, is really the
heart of CRUSH. In its most generic form the decorrelation is a two-step
process: the first step finds and removes the correlated signals, assuming
some initial detector gains to it, after which the gains are estimated during 
the second step based on the individual detector responses to the bolometer
signals. (For details, see the CRUSH paper: Kovacs 2008, Proc. SPIE, 7020, 45.)
Flagging of non-responsive pixels, based on outlying gains (i.e. responses to
the correlated signals) may be part of the second step of the decorrelation.



3.1. Modes and Modalities
=========================

   For each instrument, crush defines a set of 'modalities' (i.e. a set of
   correlated modes) on which decorrelation may be performed. Each mode in a
   'modality' affects a 'group' of pixels. Thus, the collection of pixel groups
   with related modes constitutes a 'division'. For example, SHARC-2 has 12 
   detector rows (each with 32 pixels). The dividing of pixels into 12 groups,
   each representing a detector row, is a pixel 'division'. Pixels in a given 
   row respond to the same correlated 'mode', and so there are 12 row-related 
   modes, which are bunched together in a 'modality'.

   Some of the modalities (and pixel divisions) are common to all (or most)
   instruments. These are:

      <modality name>	Description
      ========================================================================
      all		All channels, regardless of their state
      connected		All channels that are connected and generate signals
      detectors		All detectors (e.g. excluding resistors etc.)
      obs-channels	All observing detectors (e.g. that see sky).
      gradients		A focal plane gradients of 'observing' detectors.
      blinds		Blind detectors (if exist)
      telescope-x	Telescope position in the 'x' direction (e.g. AZ)
      telescope-y	Telescope poistion in the 'y' direction (e.g. EL)
      accel-<dir>	Acceleration in some direction (see below).
      chopper-<dir>	Chopper motion in some direction (see below).
      ------------------------------------------------------------------------


   Above, the motion-related modalities may have the following directionalities:

       <dir>    Description
       =======================================================================
       x	Response to the 'x' coordinate of the motion.	
       y	Response to the 'y' coordinate of the motion.
       x^2	Response to the square of the 'x' coordinate.
       y^2	Response to the square of the 'x' coordinate.
       |x|	Response to the magnitude of of the 'x' coordinate.
       |y|	Response to the magnitude of of the 'y' coordinate.
       mag	Response to the magnitude of the motion.
       norm	Response to the square of the magnitude.
       -----------------------------------------------------------------------



3.2 Removing Correlated Signals
===============================

   The decorrelation step is invoked by:

       correlated.<modality-name>

   For example, a decorrelation of the signals induced by the chopper 
   displacement in x (e.g. SHARC-2) is invoked by:

       correlated.chopper-x

   (Of course, the same keyword must also appear in the pipeline 'ordering', 
   for the step to actually take place during the reduction process -- 
   otherwise crush will not know when to decorrelate the chopper signals.)

   You can fine-tune how CRUSH deals with each correlated mode. For example, 
   the following lines:

       correlated.obs-channels.resolution 1.0
       correlated.obs-channels.gainrange 0.3--3.0

   Specifies that atmospheric signals, which appear in all observing channels, 
   should be decorrelated only every second (vs. the default every available 
   frame), and that any channel that exhibits a response outside of 0.3--3.0 
   times the 'average' response of the array, should be flagged, and ignored 
   in the reduction afterwards.



3.3 User-defined Modalities
===========================

   In addition to the most common modalities listed above, each instruments 
   defines its specific ones (e.g. 'rows' for SHARC-2 from the example above). 
   See the README files in the instrument sub-directories of crush for a full 
   list of  predefined instrument specific modalities. You can also define your 
   own pixel groups, divisions and modalities using the 'group' and 'division' 
   keywords. Here is an example:

       group.my-group-1 10,13,20-25
       group.my-group-2 40-56,78,80-82
       division.my-division my-group-1 my-group-2

   The first two lines defines two pixel groups ('my-group-1' and 'my-group-2') 
   from pixel indexes and ranges, while the last line creates a division 
   ('my-division') from these pixel groupings. CRUSH will also create a 
   correlated modality with the same name as the division. So, given the 
   definitions above you can decorrelate on 'my-division' by:

       correlated.my-division



#####################################################################
4. Making Sense of the console output
#####################################################################


   Say you are reducing two scans with the command:

	./crush laboca -deep 12065 12066

   The output begins with some minimalistic capture of the scans that are
   read in. This is reasonably straighforward.

   Then, you'll get some information on the type of reduction that has been
   selected by you. This refers to the brighness and extent of the source. 
   In this case, since '-deep' was specified without a further specification of
   source size, the reduction will assume deep-field-type sources that are
   point like.

   After this, some basic information is given on the source and the map
   parameters. 

   At last, the reduction enters its main iterative phase. You'll see some 
   cryptic words and some numbers in a row. Each letter corresponds to an
   incremental modeling of the time-series signals, while the integer numbers
   tell you how many pixels remain unflagged after a step which can discard
   'funky' pixels. Here's what the various bits stand for:

   [nnnnn|m]:		processing scan nnnnn, subscan m from the list

	(#.##E#)	The effective point-source NEFD (usually after 
			weighting or at the mapping step)
			shown in the effective mapping units times sqrt(s).
	[]		bracketed models are solved via median estimators
	O		Solving for pixel offsets
	D#		Solving for pixel drifts (1/f filtering) on blocks
			of # frames.
	C		Solging for correlated noise and pixel gains
			Followed by the number of unflagged pixels in brackets
			when gain flagging is used.
	tW		Estimating time weights.
	W		Estimating pixel weights.
			When done the average pixel NEV is printed (in
			units of V sqrt(s)).
	w		Estimating pixel weights using the 'differential'
			method.
	dA(%)		despiking absolute deviations.	
			In brackets it shows the percentage % of frames
			flagged in the data as spiky by any method.
	dG(%)		like above but proceeds gradually.
	dN(%)		despiking using neighbouring samples in the timeseries.
	dF(%)		despiking wider features.
	G		Estimating atmospheric gradients accross the FOV.
	B		Decorrelating electronic boxes (LABOCA).
	c		Decorrelating electronic cables (LABOCA)	
	t		Solving for the twisting of band cables (LABOCA).
	a		Decorrelating amplifier boards (LABOCA,GISMO).
	Q		Decorrelating wafers (ASZCA).
	am		Solving for the acceleration response of pixels.
			(m indicating magnitude)

   [whiten:#.##]	Noise whitening. The average source filtering factor
			from the whitening is shown.
	
   [Map]		Calculating source map from scan.
	[C1~#.##]	Filtering corrections are applied directly and are
			#.## on average.
	[C2=#.##]	Faint structures are corrected for filtering after
			the mapping via an average correction factor #.##.

   [Source]		Solving for source map.
   	{check}		
	{despike}	despiking scan maps before adding to composite.
	(level)		Zero levelling to map median.
	(smooth)	Smoothing map.
	(noiseclip)	Clip out the excessively noisy parts of the map.
	(filter)	Filtering large scale structures (i.e. sky-noise).
	(exposureclip)	Clipping under-exposed map points.
	(blank)		Blank excessively bright points from noise models.
	(sync)		Removing the source model from the time-stream.
	

   Once the reduction is done, various files, including the source map, are
   written. This is appropriately echoed on the console output.






#####################################################################
5. Pointing Corrections
#####################################################################



Reducing the data with the correct pointing can be crucial (esp. when 
attempting to detect/calibrate faint point sources). At times the pointing
may be badly determined at the time of observation. Luckily, getting the 
exact pointing offset wrong at the time of the observation has no serious 
consequences as long as the source still falls on the array, and as long as 
the exact pointing can be determined later. If you, at the time of the data 
reduction, have a better guess of what the pointing was at the time the
data was taken (e.g. by fitting a model to the night's pointing data), you 
can specify the pointing offsets that you believe were more characteristic
to the data, by using the -center options *before* the scan 
numbers that should be reduced with the updated pointing. E.g.,

	-center=12.5,-7.3

Will instruct minicrush that the 'true' pointing was at dAZ=12.5 and dEL=-7.3
arcsec each (i.e. it works just like pcorr on APECS).

Some instruments, like SHARC-2, may allow specifying the aggregated pointing
offsets (e.g. 'fazo' and 'fzao') instead of the differential corrections 
supplied by 'center'.

You can also make pointing changes after the reduction (alas, now in RA/DEC).
You can read off the apparent source position from each separately reduced
scan (e.g. by using 'show' and placing the cursor above the apparent source
center/peak). Then you can use 'imagetool' to adjust the pointing. E.g.:

	> imagetool [...] -origin=3.0,-4.5 ... 

The above moves the map origin by 3" in RA and -4.5" in DEC. 

Then, other crush tools (like coadd, imagetool etc.) will use these images 
with the proper alignment. Clearly, this method of adjusting the pointing is
only practical if your source is clearly detected in the map.

Thirdly, the tool 'jiggle' can be used to determine the above pointing offsets
through an interactive display in which the individual maps can be moved
w.r.t one-another. The cursor arrows will move the selected map in
the desired direction, while '+', and '-' can be used to change the map that
is selected for movement. Currently, 'jiggle' does not itself update the
RAP, DECP keys with the determined values. It only suggests what values
you will have to enter yourself in the FITS images.


#####################################################################
6. Reducing Very Large Datasets
#####################################################################

Coming soon...


#####################################################################
7. Examples
#####################################################################


   Reduce scans 12065-12069 and 12072 with zenith tau of 0.18:

	> crush laboca -tau=0.18 12065-12069 12072

   Reduce scans 10562 and 10645 together, with the first scan observed at a
   zenith tau of 0.21, and the second at tau of 0.35 with.

	> crush laboca -tau=0.21 10562 -tau=0.35 10645

   Say you realize that the pointing was off by -5.4" in AZ, and 2.4" in EL
   for the second scan. Then:

	> crush laboca -tau=0.21 10562 -tau=0.35 -center=-5.4,2.4 10645

   Say scan 10049 is a scan of a bright source (e.g. Saturn) and the default
   reduction ends up clipping much of it. Then,

	> crush laboca -bright 10049

   If the source still gets nipped from the resulting map, you can try 
   disabling pixel weigting altogether (this is the likely culprit) by:
	
	> crush laboca -bright -blacklist=weighting 10049

   Perhaps you seem to filter too much in the default reduction (negative
   dip arond your source) in scan 10550:

	> crush laboca -extended 10550.

   You can also try blanking and/or clipping at, say, 5-sigma level:

	> crush laboca -extended -blank=5.0 -clip=5.0 10550

   Try reduce some faint distant galaxy (scan 10057):

	> crush laboca -deep 10057

   Maybe your galaxy has extended structure. Then try:

	> crush laboca -deep -extended 10057.

   You can also fine-tune, what is the largest source-scale (more-or-less) 
   that you are interested in. Then the reduction will adjust its parameters
   accordingly. Say you expect your source to be a blob around 1' in diameter,
   then you can try:

	> crush laboca -deep -sourcesize=60.0 10057.

   You can also play with the blanking clipping methods above, if there is
   annoying negative dips remaining around your brighter peaks. Note, that
   you porbably want to stick with -extended, or else such dips may be the
   result of the aggressive filtering settings applied to your specific
   source size (via -size).

   As mentioned before, command-line options and scripting are equivalent
   ways of configuring the reduction. Thus, the running the script 'test.cfg':

	deep
	extended
	tau 0.18
	center -3.2,4.8
	read 12065-12069
	center 2.3,-0.5
	read 12072
	blank 10.0
	clip 3.0
	iteration.[last-1] forget clip

   via 
	> crush laboca -config=test.cfg	

   is equivalent to the command line:

	> crush laboca -deep -extended -tau=0.18 -center=-3.2,4.8 12065-12069 \
		-center=2.3,-0.5 12072 -blank=10.0 -clip=3.0 \
		-iteration.[last-1]forget:clip  




#####################################################################
8. Future Developments (A Wish List...)
#####################################################################


There are a number of plans for new features in CRUSH. Some may come in the
near future, others perhaps later, depending on the resources available for
implementation. Nonetheless, the following avenues of feature enrichment may
be considered. 

8.1 Support for Heterodyne Receivers and Interferometry
=======================================================

   CRUSH was born as a bolometer array reduction package. However, there is no
   reason why many of its principles could not be applied to other types of 
   instruments (astronomical or otherwise), especially those, which are affected
   by correlated signals. Besides, CRUSH also provides powerful tools for other
   analysis steps, like weighting, despiking, spectral filtering, and mapping.

   Two obvious extensions would be heterodyne receivers (and receiver arrays) 
   and the use of CRUSH for interferometry (e.g. ALMA) since it is well-suited
   to deal with immense data volumes also.


8.2 Interactive Reductions
==========================

   At present CRUSH offers only a reduction pipeline. This is ideal for
   crunching large volumes of data in a more-or-less automated fashion, and 
   for making reduction painless. It is also ideal for most users, who might 
   not wish to learn about the intricacies of each and every reduction step. 
   However, in some cases having more control may be beneficial.

   Many astronomers are used to interactive reduction packages (e.g. GILDAS
   AIPS, BoA etc.). CRUSH should eventually offer such a capability also. This
   would allow step-by-step reductions, together with varous plotting 
   capabilities to look at data at every stage. Such a capability would be
   very useful in the process of building pipelines for new instruments

   It should be relatively simple to provide this feature. The current 
   configuration languange of CRUSH can be easily adapted for more interactive
   use. Even more detailed control may be possible though a standard scripting
   language like JavaScript or Rhino. The main job would be to supply the
   essential plotting capabilities, but that too may come sooner than later...


8.3 Distributed and GPU Computing
==================================

   The reduction paradigm of CRUSH is massively parallelizable. CRUSH can
   already make good use of any number of processing cores within a computer.
   It should be quite staighforward to extend implementation over several
   computing nodes and super-computers, allowing orders of magnitude increases
   in data reduction speeds and data volumes.

   Another way of improving speeds may come from the use of Graphical (GPU)
   Computing. Today's grahics chips provide computing power well in excess of
   that offered by the CPUs. This can be harnessed, with programming tools
   like CUDA or OpenCL. GPU computing is still in its infancy, and thus
   its languange specifications are likely very fluid still. But technical
   details aside, GPUs clearly offer a way for boosting the number crunching
   performace of CRUSH. 


8.4 Graphical User-Interface (GUI)
==================================

   The addition of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to CRUSH would make 
   configurations more transparent and intuitive. It would allow users, who do 
   not use CRUSH often, to avoid learning the complexities of command-line
   options and scripting support, and instead click their way through the
   essential configuration settings.

   GUIs may also aid the more expert users, in providing a way to look at 
   details, such as monitoring quantities, signals or maps during the reduction.



#####################################################################
9. Further information
#####################################################################


CRUSH is the next-generation data reduction package, inheriting its DNA from
the pioneering SHARC-2 specific version (crush-1.xx) and from the APEX specific
minicrush implementation. It is a much more capable package than either of its
predecessors. However, because the output FITS images are backward compatible 
with the  older versions (for the most part), parts of the original CRUSH 
package can still be useful for manipulating images post reduction.

Mainly, the crush-1.xx distribution provides tools for coadding images 
('coadd'), image manipulation ('imagetool'), adjusting pointing in RA/DEC maps
('jiggle'), or prducing histograms of the flux (signal-to-noise) distribution 
in maps ('histogram').

Downloading the CRUSH package(s), and further information on the FITS images
is available at:

	http://www.submm.caltech.edu/~sharc/crush

I hope you'll find this helpful and may you end up with beautiful images!!!



===============================================================================
Copyright (C)2010 -- Attila Kovacs 

